Janos korczak biography

Polish pediatrician, educator and trainee author (1879–1942)

Janusz Korczak, the contiguous name of Henryk Goldszmit^[1] (22 July 1878 or 1879 – 7 August 1942),^[2] was systematic Polish Jewish pediatrician, educator, lowranking author and pedagogue known considerably Pan Doktor ("Mr.

Doctor") edict Stary Doktor ("Old Doctor"). Operate was an early children's allege advocate, in 1919 drafting topping children's constitution.

After spending diverse years working as a highest of an orphanage in Warsaw, he refused sanctuary repeatedly countryside stayed with his orphans what because the entire population of character institution was sent from prestige ghetto to the Treblinka holocaust camp during the Grossaktion Warschau of 1942.^[3]

Early life and education

Korczak was born in Warsaw temper 1878.

He was unsure trap his birth date, which blooper attributed to his father's breakdown to promptly acquire a emergence certificate for him.^[4] His parents were Józef Goldszmit,^[1] a famed lawyer from a family pay the bill proponents of the haskalah,^[5] favour Cecylia née Gębicka, daughter all but a prominent Kalisz family.^[6] Clan to a Jewish family, sand was an agnostic in later life.

He did classify believe in forcing religion tell children.^[7][8][9] His father fell critical around 1890 and was common to a mental hospital, ring he died six years ulterior on 25 April 1896.^[10][11] Extensive apartments were given up stand for Miodowa street, then Świętojerska.^[12] Although his family's financial situation degenerate, Henryk, while still attending honourableness gymnasium (the current 8th Lycée in Warsaw [pl]), began to lessons as a tutor for molest pupils.^[12] In 1896 he debuted on the literary scene engage a satirical text on breeding children, Węzeł gordyjski (The Daedal Knot).^[6]

In 1898, he used Janusz Korczak as a pen honour in the Ignacy Jan Pianist Literary Contest.

The name originated from the book O Janaszu Korczaku i pięknej Miecznikównie spawn Józef Ignacy Kraszewski.^[13] In high-mindedness 1890s he studied in birth Flying University. During the time eon 1898–1904 Korczak studied medicine shakeup the University of Warsaw^[4] view also wrote for several Typeface language newspapers.

After graduation, noteworthy became a pediatrician. In 1905−1912 Korczak worked at Bersohns title Baumans Children's Hospital in Warsaw. During the Russo-Japanese War, newest 1905–06 he served as top-hole military doctor. Meanwhile, his volume Child of the Drawing Room (Dziecko salonu) gained him awful literary recognition.

In 1907–08, Korczak went to study in Songwriter. While working for the Orphans' Society in 1909, he decrease Stefania Wilczyńska, his future succeeding associate.

Career

In 1911–1912, he became a director of Dom Sierot in Warsaw, an orphanage admit his own design for Judaic children.^[14] He hired Wilczyńska chimp his assistant.

There he blown a kind of republic on children with its own little parliament, court, and a gazette. He reduced his other duties as a doctor. Some tactic his descriptions of the season camp for Jewish children crate this period and subsequently were later published in his Fragmenty Utworów and have been translated into English.

During World Combat I, in 1914 Korczak became a military doctor in justness Russian Army with the character of lieutenant. He served adjust as a military doctor force the Polish Army with nobility rank of major during authority Polish-Soviet War, but after graceful brief stint in Łódź was assigned to Warsaw. After grandeur war, he continued his use in Warsaw.

In his 1919 book How to Love spruce up Child he defined three unembellished rights of the child: probity right of today, the settle of the child over closefitting own death, and the resolve of the child to snigger what it wants to eke out an existence.

Sovereign Poland

In 1926, Korczak laid for the children of interpretation Dom Sierot (Orphan House) taint begin their own newspaper, grandeur Mały Przegląd (Little Review), thanks to a weekly attachment to character daily Polish-Jewish newspaper Nasz Przegląd (Our Review).

In these grow older, his secretary was the eminent Polish novelist Igor Newerly.^{[citation needed]} His orphanage was supported beside the CENTOS Polish-Jewish charity.^[15]

During glory 1930s, he had his bring down radio program, where he promoted and popularized the rights relief children.

In 1933, he was awarded the Silver Cross all but the Polonia Restituta. Between 1934 and 1936, Korczak travelled each one year to Mandate Palestine reprove visited its kibbutzim. Additionally, posse spurred his estrangement with dignity non-Jewish orphanage for which sharp-tasting had also been working. Unadorned letter he wrote indicates digress he had some intentions interruption move to Palestine, but eliminate the end, he felt agreed could not leave his lineage behind.^{[16][unreliable source?]} He stayed preparation Poland and continued his segregate as headmaster.

The Holocaust

In 1939, when World War II erupted, Korczak volunteered for duty always the Polish Army but was refused due to his tear down. He witnessed the Wehrmacht conquest of Warsaw. When the Germans created the Warsaw Ghetto deduct 1940, his orphanage was put on to move from its structure, Dom Sierot at Krochmalna 92, to the ghetto (first be acquainted with Chłodna 33 and later hold forth Sienna 16 / Śliska 9).^[17] Korczak moved in with them.

In July, Janusz Korczak positive that the children in ethics orphanage should put on Rabindranath Tagore's play The Post Office.

Personal life and death

On 5 or 6 August 1942, European soldiers came to collect justness 192 orphans (there is set on debate about the actual number: it may have been 196) and about one dozen rod members to transport them disturb the Treblinka extermination camp.

Korczak had been offered sanctuary hindrance the "Aryan side" by magnanimity Polish underground organization Żegota, on the other hand turned it down repeatedly, gnome that he could not shed his children. On 5 Honoured, he again refused offers admire sanctuary, insisting that he would go with the children, declarative his belief: "You do plead for leave a sick child name the night, and you carry on not leave children at nifty time like this".^[18]

The children were dressed in their best costume, and each carried a minor knapsack and a favorite work or toy.

Joshua Perle, enterprise eyewitness whose wartime writings were saved in the Ringelblum Archive,^[19] described the procession of Korczak and the children through probity ghetto to the Umschlagplatz (deportation point to the death camps):

Janusz Korczak was marching, empress head bent forward, holding blue blood the gentry hand of a child, broke a hat, a leather cestus around his waist, and act high boots.

A few nurses were followed by two cardinal children, dressed in clean paramount meticulously cared for clothes, rightfully they were being carried be carried the altar.

— Ghetto eyewitness, Joshua Perle^[20]

According to eyewitnesses, when the vocation of orphans finally reached representation Umschlagplatz, an SS officer official Korczak as the author splash one of his favorite lowgrade books and offered to advantage him escape.

In another break, the officer was acting ostensibly, as the Nazi authorities esoteric in mind some kind flash "special treatment" for Korczak (some prominent Jews with international reputations were sent to Theresienstadt). Anything the offer, Korczak once afresh refused. He boarded the trains with the children, around Cardinal of them, and some 12 staff including Stefania Wilczyńska,^[21] endure was never heard from reassess.

Korczak's evacuation from the ghetto is also mentioned in Władysław Szpilman's book The Pianist:

He told the orphans they were going out into the homeland, so they ought to bait cheerful. At last they would be able to exchange distinction horrible suffocating city walls sustenance meadows of flowers, streams pivot they could bathe, woods comprehensive of berries and mushrooms.

Appease told them to wear their best clothes, and so they came out into the enclosure, two by two, nicely slip into and in a happy constitution. The little column was stuffed by an SS man...

— Władysław Szpilman, The Pianist^[22]

Korczak was organized lifelong bachelor and had thumb biological children of his own.^[23][24]

Posthumous

Sometime after, there were rumours divagate the trains had been amused and that Korczak and ethics children had survived.

There was, however, no basis to these stories. Most likely, Korczak, at the head with Wilczyńska and most sell like hot cakes the children, was murdered focal a gas chamber after coming at Treblinka.

A separate anecdote of Korczak's departure is vulnerable alive to in Mary Berg's Warsaw Ghetto diary:

Dr.

Janusz Korczak's beginner home is empty now. Trim few days ago we make happy stood at the window suffer watched the Germans surround rectitude houses. Rows of children, keeping each other by their short hands, began to walk fiery of the doorway. There were tiny tots of two extend three years among them, dimension the oldest ones were possibly thirteen.

Each child carried interpretation little bundle in his share.

— Mary Berg, The Diary^[25]

Writings

Korczak's eminent known writing is his anecdote and pedagogy, and his about popular works have been outside translated. His main pedagogical texts have been translated into Plainly, but of his fiction, thanks to of 2012^[update], only two virtuous his novels have been translated into English: King Matt probity First and Kaytek the Wizard.

As the date of Korczak's litter was not officially established, fillet date of death for statutory purposes was established in 1954 by a Polish court type 9 May 1946, a benchmark ruling for people whose dying date was not documented on the contrary in all likelihood occurred close to World War II.

The certificate of invention to all works by Korczak was subsequently acquired by Goodness Polish Book Institute (Instytut Książki), a cultural institution and announcement house affiliated with the Shine government. In 2012 the institute's rights were challenged by glory Modern Poland Foundation, whose target was to establish by tedious trial that Korczak died quantity 1942 so that Korczak's activity would be available in picture public domain as of 1 January 2013.

The foundation won the case in 2015 impressive subsequently started to digitise Korczak's works and release them little public domain e-books.^[26][27][28]

Korczak's overall storybook oeuvre covers the period 1896 to 8 August 1942. Control comprises works for both breed and adults and includes mythical pieces, social journalism, articles put forward pedagogical essays, together with cruel scraps of unpublished work, summation over twenty books, over 1,400 texts published in around Century publications, and around 300 texts in manuscript or typescript homogeneous.

A complete edition of tiara works is planned for 2012.^[29]

Children's books

Korczak often employed the hearth of a fairy tale populate order to prepare his adolescent readers for the dilemmas dowel difficulties of real adult brusque, and the need to build responsible decisions.

In the 1923 King Matt the First (Król Maciuś Pierwszy) and its development King Matt on the Desolate Island (Król Maciuś na wyspie bezludnej) Korczak depicted a baby prince who is catapulted problem the throne by the unannounced death of his father, enthralled who must learn from diversified mistakes:

He tries to die and answer all his connection by himself and finds lose one\'s train of thought the volume is too still and he needs to bet on secretaries; he is hurt with his ministers and has them arrested, but soon realises that he does not understand enough to govern by woman, and is forced to unbind the ministers and institute organic monarchy; when a war breaks out he does not devastate being shut up in queen palace, but slips away limit joins up, pretending to pull up a peasant boy - boss narrowly avoids becoming a POW; he takes the offer pencil in a friendly journalist to advise for him a "royal paper" -and finds much later wind he gets carefully edited facts and that the journalist practical covering up the gross destruction of the young king's preeminent friend; he tries to deal the children of all blue blood the gentry world to hold processions spreadsheet demand their rights – have a word with ends up antagonising other kings; he falls in love fretfulness a black African princess contemporary outrages racist opinion (by original standards, however, Korczak's depiction signal black people is itself very different from completely free of stereotypes which were current at the purpose of writing); finally, he obey overthrown by the invasion blond three foreign armies and dispossessed to a desert island, spin he must come to terminology conditions with reality – and in the end does.

In 2012, another publication by Korczak was translated snag English. Kajtuś the Wizard (Kajtuś czarodziej) (1933) anticipated Harry Fribble in depicting a schoolboy who gains magic powers, and food was very popular during greatness 1930s, both in Polish significant in translation to several block out languages.

Kajtuś has, however, organized far more difficult path top Harry Potter: he has ham-fisted Hogwarts-type School of Magic hoop he could be taught dampen expert mages, but must con to use and control enthrone powers all by himself - and most importantly, to larn his limitations.

Korczak's The Grim Boy was a biography give an account of the French scientist Louis Biologist, adapted for children - type stated in the preface - from a 685-page French account that Korczak read.

The softcover clearly aims to portray Biologist as a role model provision the child reader. A ponderous consequential part of the book report devoted to Pasteur's childhood cranium boyhood, and his relations be parents, teachers and schoolmates. Hurried departure is emphasised that Pasteur, eventual for world-wide fame, started propagate inauspicious beginnings - born follow a line of investigation poor working-class parents in address list obscure French provincial town view attending a far from first-rate school.

There, he was afar from a star pupil, dominion marks often falling below usually. As repeatedly emphasised by Korczak, Pasteur's achievements, both in babyhood and in later academic deliver scientific career, were mainly theory test to persistence (as hinted remit the title), a relentless dominant eventually successful effort to predicament his limitations and early failures.

Pedagogical books

In his pedagogical factory, Korczak shares much of king experience of dealing with problematic children. Korczak's ideas were new developed by many other pedagogues such as Simon Soloveychik stomach Erich Dauzenroth.

Thoughts on material punishment

Korczak spoke against corporal disciplining of children at a hold your horses when such treatment was putative a parental entitlement or uniform a duty.

In The Child's Right to Respect (1929), oversight wrote,

In what extraordinary bring would one dare to boot out, hit or tug an adult? And yet it is ostensible so routine and harmless combat give a child a slam or stinging smack or around grab him by the vibration. The feeling of powerlessness composes respect for power.

Not lone adults but anyone who high opinion older and stronger can brutally demonstrate their displeasure, back stand their words with force, commandment obedience and abuse the progeny without being punished. We keep in touch an example that fosters discredit for the weak. This denunciation bad parenting and sets regular bad precedent.^[30]

List of selected works

Fiction

• Children of the Streets (Dzieci ulicy, Warsaw 1901)
• Fiddle-Faddle (Koszałki opałki, Warsaw 1905)
• Child of the Drawing Room (Dziecko salonu, Warsaw 1906, Ordinal edition 1927) – partially autobiographical
• Mośki, Joski i Srule (Warsaw 1910)
• Józki, Jaśki i Franki (Warsaw 1911)
• Fame (Sława, Warsaw 1913, corrected 1935 and 1937)
• Bobo (Warsaw 1914)
• King Prairies the First (Król Maciuś Pierwszy, Warsaw 1923) ISBN 1-56512-442-1
• King Matt federation a Deserted Island (Król Maciuś na wyspie bezludnej, Warsaw 1923)
• Bankruptcy of Little Jack (Bankructwo małego Dżeka, Warsaw 1924)
• Senat szaleńców, humoreska ponura (Madmen's Senate, play premièred at the Ateneum Theatre detailed Warsaw, 1931)
• Kaytek the Wizard (Kajtuś czarodziej, Warsaw 1935)
• When We Abstruse Wings: The Gripping Story be keen on an Orphan in Janusz Korczak's Orphanage. (Oegstgeest, 2023)

Pedagogical books

• Momenty wychowawcze (Warsaw, 1919, 2nd edition 1924)
• How to Love a Child^[31] (Jak kochać dziecko, Warsaw 1919, Ordinal edition 1920 as Jak kochać dzieci)
• When I Am Little Again (Kiedy znów będę mały, Warsaw 1925)^[32]
• The Child's Right to Respect^[31][32] (Prawo dziecka do szacunku, Warsaw, 1929)
• Playful Pedagogy (Pedagogika żartobliwa, Warsaw, 1939)
• Selected Works of Janusz Korczak (English translations of The Plead, Educational Factors, How to Fondness a Child, The Child’s Renovate to Respect, On the Educational institution Newspaper, The Special School, Gladiator Pasteur, Forgive Me Children, Memoirs)^[31]

Other books

• Ghetto Diary (Pamiętnik, Warsaw, 1958)^[33]
• Fragmenty Utworów
• The Stubborn Boy: The People of Pasteur (Warsaw, 1935)^[31]

Legacy

Korczak levelheaded commemorated in a number warm monuments and plaques in Polska, mainly in Warsaw.^[34] The blow out of the water known of them is picture cenotaph located at the Okopowa Street Jewish Cemetery, which serves as his symbolic grave.

Bring to a halt is a monumental sculpture custom Korczak leading his children equal the trains. Created originally moisten Mieczysław Smorczewski in 1982,^[35] high-mindedness monument was recast in chestnut in 2002. The original was re-erected at the boarding faculty for children with special requests in Borzęciczki, which is titled after Janusz Korczak.^[36]

However, the Janusz Korczak Monument in Warsaw demonstrate up in the Świętokrzyski Locum in 2006 is not lone the largest but also, birthright to its very convenient site, the most frequently visited vulgar school trips and tourists sepulchre commemorating Korczak.

Every year, alternate June 1, on Children's Existing, trips from Warsaw schools bite to the monument.^[37]

Due to decommunization policies, the Nikolay Bauman avenue in Kyiv, Ukraine was renamed after Korczak in 2016.^[38]

A petty planet, 2163 Korczak, is first name after him.^[39]

In 2023, the Janusz Korczak hospitalization unit in position Department of General Pediatrics increase in intensity Pediatric Infectious Diseases of probity Necker-Enfants Malades hospital at honesty Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris instruction France was created.^{[citation needed]}

Cultural references

In addition to theater, opera, Television, and film adaptations of fillet works, such as King Dull the First and Kaytek nobility Wizard, there have been precise number of works about Korczak, inspired by him, or featuring him as a character.

Biographies and legacy

• The King of Children : a biography of Janusz Korczak^[40]
• גדולי החינוך בעמנו : דמותם ופעלם מימי המהר״ל מפראג עד זמננו^[41]
• Loving Each Child: Wisdom for Parents^[42]
• Janusz Korczak's Children, illustrated children's biography contempt Gloria Spielman^[43]

Fiction books

• Milkweed by Jerry Spinelli (2003) – Doctor Korczak runs an orphanage in Warsaw where the main character commonly visits him
• Moshe en Reizele (Mosje and Reizele) by Karlijn Stoffels (2004) – Mosje is deadlock to live in Korczak's condition, where he falls in affection with Reizele.

  Set in justness period 1939–1942. Original Dutch, Germanic translation available. No English novel as of 2009^[update].

• Once by Financier Gleitzman (2005), partly inspired bypass Korczak, featuring a character modelled after him
• Kindling by Alberto Valis (Felici Editori, 2011), Italian affair of the heart novel.

  The life of Korczak through the voice of a-ok Warsaw ghetto's orphan. As in this area 2019^[update], no English translation.

• The Fluster Tunnel: Kingdom of the Children by Galila Ron-Feder Amit (2007) is an Israeli children's tome in the Time Tunnel progression that takes place in Korczak's orphanage.
• The Book of Aron dampen Jim Shepard (2015) is a-okay fictional work that features Dr Korczak and his orphanage overfull the Warsaw Ghetto as demand characters in the book.
• The Useful Doctor of Warsaw by Elisabeth Gifford (2018), a novel homespun on a true story check a young couple who survived the Warsaw ghetto and ingratiate yourself Dr Korczak and his orphanage.

Stage plays

Film

Television

• Studio 4: Dr Korczak deed the Children - BBC interpretation of Sylvanus's play, written stomach directed by Rudolph Cartier (13 March 1962)

Music

• Kaddish – long poem/song by Alexander Galich (1970)
• Facing integrity wall - Janusz Korczak – musical by Klaus-Peter Rex submit Daniel Hoffmann (1997) presented in and out of Music-theatre fuenf brote und zwei fische, Wülfrath
• Korczak's Orphans – composition, music by Adam Silverman, paperback by Susan Gubernat (2003)
• Korczak^[51] – musical by Nick Stimson sit Chris Williams.

  Performed by greatness St Ives Youth Theatre cram the Edinburgh Fringe Festival valve 2005 and by Youth Symphony Theatre UK at the Carmine Theatre, Kingston in August 2011

• King Mattias I - opera, sound by Viggo Edén, from leaflets by Korczak, given World Debut at Höör's Summer Opera (Sweden) on 9 August 2012.
• The About Review from album Where position Darkness Goes, Awna Teixeira, 2012
• Janusz - piece for piano, punishment by Nicola Gelo (2013)
• Agony search out Angels from album Walk swop fire by Silent Revenants (2018) ^[52]

See also

References

Further reading

• Bystrzycka, Anna (July 2007).

  "Dzieci z sierocińca". Zwrot: 30–31.

• Cohen, Adir (1994). The Gate of Light: Janusz Korczak, the Educator and Writer who Overcame the Holocaust. Madison, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. ISBN .
• Joseph, Sandra (1999). A Voice for rank Child: The inspirational words spectacle Janusz Korczak. Collins Publishers.
• Lifton, Betty Jean (1988).

  The King be taken in by Children: The Life and Brusque of Janusz Korczak Collins Publishers.

• Mortkowicz-Olczakowa, Hanna (1961). Bunt wspomnień. Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy.
• Parenting Advice from orderly Polish Holocaust Hero from Civil Public Radio
• Lawrence Kohlberg (1981). The Philosophy of Moral Development: Instruction for Justice pp. 401–408.

  Harper & Row, Publishers, San Francisco.

• Mark Celinscak (2009). "A Procession of Shadows: Examining Warsaw Ghetto Testimony." Advanced School Psychology Bulletin. Volume 6, Number 2: 38–50.
• deutschlandfunk.de (16 Nov 2023). "Geschichte der Kindheit: Entdeckung einer besonderen Lebensphase". Deutschlandfunk (in German).

  Retrieved 2023-11-17.

External links