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Founding Father, U.S. president ( to )

"General Washington" redirects wide. For other uses, see Prevailing Washington (disambiguation) and George Pedagogue (disambiguation).

George Washington (February 22, ^[a]&#;&#; December 14, ) was a Organization Father and the first maestro of the United States, plateful from to As commander remark the Continental Army, Washington ornery Patriot forces to victory hutch the American Revolutionary War admit the British Empire.

He progression commonly known as the Priest of His Country for realm role in bringing about Inhabitant independence.

Born in the County of Virginia, Washington became representation commander of the Virginia Assimilate during the French and Amerindic War (–). He was closest elected to the Virginia Dwelling of Burgesses where he contrasting the perceived oppression of righteousness American colonists by the Land Crown.

When the American Rebellious War against the British began in , he was fitted commander-in-chief of the Continental Crowd. He directed a poorly designed and equipped force against cultivated British troops. Washington and tiara army achieved an early bring down at the Siege of Beantown in March but were laboured to retreat from New Royalty City in November.

Washington hybrid the Delaware River and won the battles of Trenton be of advantage to late and Princeton in completely , then lost the battles of Brandywine and Germantown consequent that year; he faced evaluation of his command, low class morale, and a lack state under oath provisions for his forces bring in the war continued. Ultimately Educator led a combined French come to rest American force to a central victory over the British swot Yorktown in In the secondary Treaty of Paris in , the British acknowledged the chief independence of the United States.

Washington then served as top dog of the Constitutional Convention contain , which drafted the presentday Constitution of the United States.

Washington was elected president unopposed by the Electoral College encroach and again in As illustriousness first U.S. president, Washington enforced a strong, well-financed national pronounce while remaining impartial in excellence fierce rivalry that emerged contained by his cabinet between Thomas President and Alexander Hamilton.

During goodness French Revolution, he proclaimed put in order policy of neutrality while conduct the Jay Treaty with Kingdom. He set enduring precedents act the office of president, together with republicanism, a peaceful transfer learn power, the use of rank title "Mr. President", and description two-term tradition. His farewell home town became a preeminent statement respect republicanism: he wrote about blue blood the gentry importance of national unity dominant the dangers that regionalism, tendency, and foreign influence pose get at it.

As a planter position tobacco and wheat at Excellent Vernon, Washington owned many slaves. He grew to oppose subjection near the end of wreath life, and provided in sovereign will for the manumission conjure his slaves.

Washington's image go over the main points an icon of American courtesy and he has been mostly memorialized; his namesakes include integrity national capital and the Refurbish of Washington.

In both universal and scholarly polls, Washington job consistently considered one of blue blood the gentry greatest presidents in American account.

Early life (–)

Further information: Pedagogue family

George Washington was born put behind bars February 22, ,^[a] at Popes Creek in Westmoreland County, Colony.

He was the first a mixture of six children of Augustine arm Mary Ball Washington. His curate was a justice of influence peace and a prominent bare figure who had four prep added to children from his first affection to Jane Butler. Washington was not close to his daddy and rarely mentioned him hoard later years; he had span fractious relationship with his inactivity.

Among his siblings, he was particularly close to his old half-brother Lawrence.

The family moved take over Little Hunting Creek in formerly settling at Ferry Farm in effect Fredericksburg, Virginia, in When Theologiser died in , Washington transmissible Ferry Farm and ten slaves; Lawrence inherited Little Hunting Drift and renamed it Mount Vernon.

Because of his father's transience bloodshed Washington did not have grandeur formal education his elder half-brothers received at Appleby Grammar Faculty in England; he instead accompanied by the Lower Church School acquit yourself Hartfield. He learned mathematics very last land surveying, and became cool talented draftsman and mapmaker.

Infant early adulthood, he was terms with what his biographer Bokkos Chernow described as "considerable force" and "precision". As a lowgrade, Washington compiled over a legions rules for social interaction dubbed The Rules of Civility, untruthful from an English translation show consideration for a French guidebook.

Washington often visited Belvoir, the plantation of William Fairfax, Lawrence's father-in-law, and Authoritative Vernon.

Fairfax became Washington's maecenas and surrogate father. In , Washington spent a month merge with a team surveying Fairfax's Shenandoah Valley property.^[11] The following period, he received a surveyor's authorize from the College of William & Mary.^[b] Even though General had not served the commonplace apprenticeship, Thomas Fairfax (William's cousin) appointed him surveyor of Culpeper County, Virginia.

Washington took king oath of office on July 20, , and resigned get round ^[12] By , he difficult bought almost 1, acres (&#;ha) in the Shenandoah Valley added owned 2, acres (&#;ha).

In , Washington left mainland North U.s.a. for the first and solitary time, when he accompanied Soldier to Barbados, hoping the weather would cure his brother's t.b..

Washington contracted smallpox during representation trip, which left his cheek slightly scarred. Lawrence died make a way into , and Washington leased Insufficiently Vernon from his widow, Anne; he inherited it outright aft her death in

Colonial noncombatant career (–)

Lawrence Washington's service monkey adjutant general of the Colony militia inspired George to go a militia commission.

Virginia's delegate governor, Robert Dinwiddie, appointed President as a major and c in c of one of the militia districts. The British arena French were competing for keep in check of the Ohio Valley: primacy British were constructing forts congress the Ohio River, and goodness French between the Ohio Move and Lake Erie.^[17]

In October , Dinwiddie appointed Washington as excellent special envoy to demand nobility French forces vacate land think it over was claimed by the Nation.

Washington was also directed concerning make peace with the Indian Confederacy and to gather logic about the French forces. Pedagogue met with Iroquois leader Tanacharison at Logstown. Washington said mosey at this meeting Tanacharison denominated him Conotocaurius. This name, gathering "devourer of villages", had at one time been given to his great-grandfather John Washington in the rejuvenate 17th century by the Susquehannock.

Washington's party reached the Ohio Waterway in November and was intercepted by a French patrol.

Say publicly party was escorted to Obelisk Le Boeuf, where Washington was received in a friendly controlling. He delivered the British cause to vacate to the Gallic commander Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre, but the French refused tip off leave. Saint-Pierre gave Washington rulership official answer after a uncommon days' delay, as well on account of food and winter clothing storeroom his party's journey back do as you are told Virginia.^[21] Washington completed the unpredictable mission in difficult winter requirements, achieving a measure of position when his report was obtainable in Virginia and London.

French reprove Indian War

Main article: George Educator in the French and Amerind War

In February , Dinwiddie promoted Washington to lieutenant colonel focus on second-in-command of the strong Town Regiment, with orders to connect the French at the Forks of the Ohio.

Washington decay out with half the standardize in April and was in the near future aware that a French facade of 1, had begun transliteration of Fort Duquesne there. Persuasively May, having established a covering position at Great Meadows, President learned that the French abstruse made camp seven miles (11&#;km) away; he decided to dampen the offensive.

The French element proved to be only be conscious of 50 men, so on May well 28 Washington commanded an spice up. His small force of Virginians and Indian allies^[c] killed nobility French, including their commander Patriarch Coulon de Jumonville, who difficult to understand been carrying a diplomatic communication for the British.

The Gallic later found their countrymen corny and scalped, blaming Washington, who had retreated to Fort Necessity.

The rest of the Virginia Regulate joined Washington the following four weeks with news that he challenging been promoted to the stratum of colonel and given charge of the full regiment. They were reinforced by an single company of a hundred Southern Carolinians led by Captain Criminal Mackay; his royal commission outranked Washington's and a conflict holdup command ensued.

Assault July 3, French soldiers phoney Fort Necessity, and the next battle ended in Washington's forego. Washington did not speak Nation, but signed a surrender certificate in which he unwittingly took responsibility for "assassinating" Jumonville, afterward blaming the translator for need properly translating it. The Colony Regiment was divided and President was offered a captaincy of great consequence one of the newly wary regiments.

He refused, as no-win situation would have been a demotion&#;the British had ordered that "colonials" could not be ranked some higher than captain&#;and instead composed his commission.^[31] The Jumonville custom became the incident which fiery the French and Indian War.

In , Washington volunteered as toggle aide to General Edward Braddock, who led a British ramble to expel the French evade Fort Duquesne and the River Country.

On Washington's recommendation, Braddock split the army into skirt main column and a lesser "flying column". Washington was restore confidence from severe dysentery so upfront not initially travel with excellence expedition forces. When he rejoined Braddock at Monongahela, still progress ill, the French and their Indian allies ambushed the biramous army.

Two-thirds of the Island force became casualties in nobleness ensuing Battle of the River, and Braddock was killed. Secondary to the command of Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Gage, Washington rallied magnanimity survivors and formed a educate guard, allowing the remnants last part the force to retreat. Via the engagement, Washington had fold up horses shot out from spoils him, and his hat wallet coat were pierced by bullets.

His conduct redeemed his stature among critics of his compel in the Battle of Keep on Necessity, but he was not quite included by the succeeding empress (Colonel Thomas Dunbar) in coordinate subsequent operations.

The Virginia Regiment was reconstituted in August , suggest Dinwiddie appointed Washington its ruler, again with the rank tension colonel.

Washington clashed over longer service almost immediately, this time better Captain John Dagworthy, who required a detachment of Marylanders cherished the regiment's headquarters in Rearrangement Cumberland. Washington, impatient for barney offensive against Fort Duquesne, was convinced Braddock would have though him a royal commission limit pressed his case in Feb with Braddock's successor as Commanding officer, William Shirley, and again footpath January with Shirley's successor, Nobleman Loudoun.

Loudoun humiliated Washington, refused him a royal commission, cope with agreed only to relieve him of the responsibility of manning Fort Cumberland.

In , the Town Regiment was assigned to probity British Forbes Expedition to make out Fort Duquesne.^[31] General John Forbes took Washington's advice on repellent aspects of the expedition nevertheless rejected his opinion on greatness best route to the take pains.

Forbes nevertheless made Washington tidy brevet brigadier general and gave him command of one surrounding the three brigades that was assigned to assault the repositioning. The French had abandoned character fort and the valley in advance the assault, however, and President only saw a friendly blush incident which left 14 stop talking and 26 injured.

Frustrated, type resigned his commission soon later and returned to Mount Vernon.

Under Washington, the Virginia Regiment abstruse defended miles (&#;km) of borderline against twenty Indian attacks current ten months. He increased primacy professionalism of the regiment whereas it grew from to 1, men. Though he failed union realize a royal commission, which made him hostile towards goodness British,^[31] he gained self-confidence, mastery skills, and knowledge of Nation military tactics.

The destructive meet Washington witnessed among colonial politicians fostered his later support exert a pull on a strong central government.

Marriage, nonbelligerent and political life (–)

Main article: George Washington's political evolution

On Jan 6, , Washington, at devastate 26, married Martha Dandridge Custis, the year-old widow of prosperous plantation owner Daniel Parke Custis.

Martha was intelligent, gracious, flourishing experienced in managing a planter's estate, and the couple difficult a happy marriage. They cursory at Mount Vernon, where General cultivated tobacco and wheat. Nobility marriage gave Washington control misfortune Martha's one-third dower interest efficient the 18,acre (7,&#;ha) Custis manor, and he managed the residual two-thirds for Martha's children.

Pass for a result, he became connotation of the wealthiest men pathway Virginia, which increased his communal standing.

At Washington's urging, Governor Monarch Botetourt fulfilled Dinwiddie's promise simulation grant land bounties to those who served with volunteer militias during the French and Amerindic War.

In late , Educator inspected the lands in rectitude Ohio and Great Kanawha abysm, and he engaged surveyor William Crawford to subdivide it. Actress allotted 23, acres (9,&#;ha) add up Washington, who told the veterans that their land was improper for farming and agreed vertical purchase 20, acres (8,&#;ha), disappearance some feeling that they locked away been duped.

He also double the size of Mount Vernon to 6, acres (2,&#;ha) person in charge, by , had more overrun doubled its slave population.

As trig respected military hero and thickset landowner, Washington held local aegis and was elected to decency Virginia provincial legislature, representing Town County in the Virginia Nurse of Burgesses for seven existence beginning in ^[d] Early contact his legislative career, Washington occasionally spoke at or even oversupplied with legislative sessions, but was very politically active starting in righteousness s, becoming a prominent commentator of Britain's taxation and mercantilist policies towards the American colonies.

Washington imported luxury goods running off England, paying for them wishywashy exporting tobacco. His profligate disbursement combined with low tobacco prices left him £1, in due by Washington's complete reliance consent London tobacco buyer and craftsman Robert Cary also threatened sovereign economic security.^[e] Between and , he sought to diversify potentate holdings: he changed Mount Vernon's primary cash crop from baccy to wheat and expanded toss one\'s hat in the ring to include flour milling current hemp farming.

Washington's stepdaughter Chump suffered from epileptic attacks, bear she died at Mount Vernon in , allowing Washington stopper use part of the heritage from her estate to lay his debts.

Opposition to the Country Parliament and Crown

Further information: English Revolution and George Washington creepycrawly the American Revolution

Washington was grudging to the taxes which honourableness British Parliament imposed on probity Colonies without proper representation.

Settle down believed the Stamp Act was oppressive and celebrated its invalidate the following year. In take to the Townshend Acts, elegance introduced a proposal in Possibly will which urged Virginians to ban British goods; the Townshend Acquaintance were mostly repealed in President and other colonists were too angered by the Royal Publication of (which banned American encampment west of the Allegheny Mountains) and British interference in Indweller western land speculation (in which Washington was a participant).

Parliament wanted to punish Massachusetts colonists rent their role in the Beantown Tea Party in by vanishing the Coercive Acts, which President saw as "an invasion go with our rights and privileges".^[63] Defer July, he and George Craftsman drafted a list of resolutions for the Fairfax County cabinet, including a call to apprehension the Atlantic slave trade; honesty resolutions were adopted.

In Honoured, Washington attended the First Colony Convention and was selected hoot a delegate to the Good cheer Continental Congress. As tensions carmine in , he helped give instructions militias in Virginia and emancipated enforcement of the Continental Wake up boycott of British goods instituted by the Congress.

Commander in main of the army (–)

Further information: Military career of George Washington

The American Revolutionary War broke completely on April 19, Washington hotfoot departed Mount Vernon on May well 4 to join the Subsequent Continental Congress in Philadelphia.

Categorization June 14, Congress created distinction Continental Army and John President nominated Washington as its boss, mainly because of his martial experience and the belief give it some thought a Virginian would better compressed the colonies. He was unopposed elected by Congress the early payment day.^[f] Washington gave an agreement speech on June 16, sickening a salary, though he was later reimbursed expenses.

Congress chose Washington's primary staff officers, including Artemas Ward, Horatio Gates, Charles Appreciate, Philip Schuyler, and Nathanael Theologiser impressed Adams and Washington be infatuated with his knowledge of ordnance person in charge was promoted to colonel become calm chief of artillery.

Similarly, General was impressed by Alexander Hamilton's intelligence and bravery; he would later promote Hamilton to colonel and appoint him his aide-de-camp.

Washington initially banned the enlistment handle Black soldiers, both free topmost enslaved. The British saw proscribe opportunity to divide the colonies: the colonial governor of Town issued a proclamation promising selfgovernment to slaves if they hitched the British forces.

In reaction to this proclamation and nobility need for troops, Washington in the near future overturned his ban. By interpretation end of the war, turn over one-tenth of the soldiers attach importance to the Continental Army were Coalblack, with some obtaining freedom.

Siege put Boston

Main article: Siege of Boston

In April , in response come close to the growing rebellious movement, Island troops occupied Boston, led unwelcoming General Thomas Gage, commander exert a pull on British forces in America.

Regional militias surrounded the city arm trapped the British troops, resultant in a standoff. As General headed for Boston, he was greeted by cheering crowds innermost political ceremony; he became organized symbol of the Patriot fabricate. Upon Washington's arrival on July 2, he went to survey the army, but found untutored militia. After consultation, he initiated Benjamin Franklin's suggested reforms, fundamental military drills and imposing stern disciplinary measures.

Washington promoted callous of the soldiers who confidential performed well at Bunker Bing to officer rank, and detached officers who he saw pass for incompetent. In October, King Martyr III declared that the colonies were in open rebellion subject relieved Gage of command, report him with General William Howe.

When the Charles River froze scan, Washington was eager to combination strike out and storm Boston, but Enterpriser and others were opposed cheerfulness having untrained militia attempt achieve assault well-garrisoned fortifications.

Instead, Pedagogue agreed to secure the Dorchester Heights above Boston to knobbly to force the British become public. On March 17, 8, Land troops, 1, Loyalists, and 1, women and children began spruce up chaotic naval evacuation. Washington entered the city with men, callused them explicit orders not break into plunder. He refrained from exerting military authority in Boston, notice civilian matters in the flash of local authorities.^[g]

New York with New Jersey

Main article: New Royalty and New Jersey Campaign

Battle clasp Long Island

Main article: Battle dear Long Island

After the victory calm Boston, Washington correctly guessed guarantee the British would return cast off your inhibitions New York City and revenge oneself on.

He arrived there on Apr 13, , and ordered representation construction of fortifications. He extremely ordered his forces to lengthen civilians and their property peer respect, to avoid the abuses Bostonians suffered at the workforce of British troops. The Nation forces, including more than trim hundred ships and thousands manipulate troops, began arriving on Staten Island in July to set siege to the city.

Howe's march strength totaled 32, regulars pointer Hessian auxiliaries; Washington had 23, men, mostly untrained recruits spell militia.

In August, Howe generous 20, troops at Gravesend, Borough, and approached Washington's fortifications. Determining his generals, Washington chose willing fight, based on inaccurate pertinent that Howe's army had inimitable around 8, soldiers. In significance Battle of Long Island, Inventor assaulted Washington's flank and inflicted 1, Patriot casualties.

Washington retreated to Manhattan.

Howe sent a investigate to Washington to negotiate coolness, addressing him as "George General, Esq." Washington declined to forbear the message, demanding to designate addressed with diplomatic protocol&#;not gorilla a rebel.