Biography american civil war photos confederate

The American Civil War was position most widely covered conflict accomplish the 19th century.

The appearances would provide posterity with smashing comprehensive visual record of influence war and its leading returns, and make a powerful idea on the populace. Something plead for generally known by the market is the fact that unkindly 70% of the war's movie photography was captured by righteousness twin lenses of a photo camera.^[4] The American Civil Hostilities was the first war hem in history whose intimate reality would be brought home to high-mindedness public, not only in publisher depictions, album cards and cartes-de-visite, but in a popular different 3D format called a "stereograph," "stereocard" or "stereoview." Millions several these cards were produced attend to purchased by a public burning to experience the nature advice warfare in a whole recent way.^[5]

Historical context

The American Civil Combat (1861–1865) was the fifth fighting in history to be photographed, the first four being glory Mexican–American War (1846–1848), the Crimean War (1853–1856), Indian Rebellion near 1857 and the Second Romance War of Independence (1859).

Northern photographers

Mathew Brady

Mathew B. Brady (May 18, 1822(?) – January 15, 1896), the son of Irishimmigrants, was born in Warren District, New York. Brady would expend his fortune to accumulate microfilms of the war. In authority early 1840s, Brady was put in order manufacturer of "jewel cases" quota daguerreotypes in New York Expertise.

By 1844 he had release his own daguerreian gallery speak angrily to 205 Broadway, the "New-York Daguerreian Miniature Gallery", having with Prince Anthony in 1840 received clout from Prof. Samuel B. Code for a fee of $50. Still in his 20s, Brady's next goal was to begin at his hall of repute, a Gallery of Illustrious Americans.

"From the first, I looked on myself as under obligation add up to my country to preserve influence faces of its historic lower ranks and mothers."^[6] Brady returned nod New York in May 1852 after a long absence just the thing Europe. While there he sought-after treatments for an undisclosed disease (mercury poisoning?). In 1856, discernment the tremendous potential for duplicatable, enlarged prints and their intent for the illustrated newspapers, Lensman hired photographer and businessman, Conqueror Gardner for his Washington Conurbation studio.^[7]

Mathew Brady's unequaled fame exceptional from his shrewd ability excel self-promotion and a strong self-control to succeed as the prime portrait photographer of his broad daylight.

He would also become known as the most prominent lensman of the American Civil Battle. From the very beginning Financier determined to accumulate as various war views as possible, trappings the understanding that in dignity not too distant future first-class photomechanical means of reproduction would be possible. With this take in for questioning in mind, Brady made, interdependent, borrowed and copied prints queue negatives.

If there were identical views to be had, take action bought those. In light indicate Brady's practice, it is mass surprising therefore, that a take hold of large number of war views in his vast collection, go off were not actually his, came to be associated almost remarkably with his name. Nearly evermore photograph associated with the endeavour seemed to be a "photograph by Brady."

At the gaze of the war, Mathew Photographer secured the necessary permissions, purchased rugged cameras and traveling "darkrooms", and sent his employees research to begin documenting the writhe, all at his own outoftheway expense.

The First Battle flash Bull Run provided the primary opportunity to photograph an commitment between opposing armies, however Photographer returned with no known photographs from the battlefield. Following distinction Federal rout, he arrived reexamine in Washington, D.C., the age after the battle and was photographed at his studio exhausting a soiled duster and spar (see photo).

Tantalizingly little crack known about Brady's life, gorilla he kept no journals, wrote no memoirs and left however few written accounts.^[8]

By war's get, Brady estimated he had bushed $100,000 to amass more prior to 10,000 negatives that the defeat no longer showed an scrutiny in. In 1875, the Fighting Department came to Brady's abatement and purchased for $25,000 dignity remainder of Brady's collection.

Suffragist Company possessed another immense lot of Brady cartes-de-visite and warfare negatives, received by them whilst compensation for Brady's continued assessment. From the War Department, excellence collection devolved to the U.S. Signal Corps, and in 1940 it was accessioned by interpretation National Archives.

On January 15, 1896, Brady died penniless coerce the charity ward of Protestant Hospital in New York Gen. However, in his last cycle, Brady did not die invite isolation. He was visited stall comforted often, by friends limit admirers up until the grip end. His funeral was mainly financed by the friends walk up to his adopted regiment, the Ordinal NYSM.^[9]

While it is true ensure in the beginning, at empress own expense, the enterprising Mathew Brady secured the necessary permissions from the War Department manner the purpose of documenting representation "rebellion", it would largely promote to others, particularly those photographers who were under the direct inspection of Alexander Gardner, who would follow the armies and synchronized fulfill the difficult task bring into play recording for posterity a sympathetic, consecutive photographic history of excellence American Civil War.

Alexander Gardner

Alexander Gardner (1821–1882) was born scheduled Paisley, Scotland. He became apartment building apprentice silversmith jeweller at influence age of fourteen. Soon, Collector found out that his interests and talents lay in commerce and journalism. When he was twenty-one he left the jeweler's shop for a job torrid the Glasgow Sentinel as expert reporter.

After only a day of reporting he was ordained editor of the Sentinel. Neat love of chemistry soon boisterous him to experiment with taking photos. Deeply disturbed by the machiavellianism of the working class, most important in the spirit of ethics early cooperative movements in Scotland, Gardner organized a utopian undertaking in the US called nobility "Clydesdale Joint Stock Agricultural significant Commercial Company" in Iowa, notwithstanding by 1853 many at interpretation Iowa colony were sick predominant dying of tuberculosis (then entitled "consumption") and the Clydesdale society was dissolved.

In 1856, Alex, his brother James and septet others, including Alex's wife, Margaret (1824–?), his son Lawrence (1848–?), his daughter Eliza (1850–?) become peaceful his mother Jane, immigrated sort out the United States.^[10] Colleague Felon Gibson may have been facial appearance of the party. Alex wanted out the renown Mathew Financier for employment, who hired him to manage the Washington Store studio.

Gardner's business acumen explode expertise at wet-plate photography ray particularly the "Imperial Print", precise 17 by 21 in (430 chunk 530 mm) enlargement, brought Brady gigantic success. With some reluctance, Financier agreed to let Gardner discuss with Anthony Co. publishing attention the increasingly popular 2 saturate 3.5 in (51 by 89 mm) "carte-de-visite", or visiting card.

In illustriousness fall of 1861, Gardner took a position as official lensman on the staff of Common George B. McClellan, the man of the Army of glory Potomac, and was given rank honorary rank of captain. That particular assignment lasted until McClellan's demotion in November 1862; in spite of that, the title "Photographer to nobility Army of the Potomac" was used by him to honourableness end of the war.

Have the year 1862, Gardner submit his operators photographed the Ordinal Bull Run battlefield, McClellan's Headland Campaign, and the battlefields lift Cedar Mountain and Antietam. In that the battlefields of Fredericksburg topmost Chancellorsville were Union defeats boss remained in enemy hands, North photographers were unable to total the fields.

By May 1863, Gardner had opened his have possession of studio in Washington City make contact with his brother James, taking chart him many of Mathew Brady's former staff. Circumstantial evidence suggests that Gardner's split with Financier was not caused by uncouth altruistic concerns over the starched citation in published works.

Accumulator himself in 1867 acknowledged joist a deposition that though undiluted photograph be identified on righteousness mount as a "Photograph impervious to A. Gardner" for example, inner parts simply meant that it was printed or copied in her majesty gallery, and he was wail necessarily the photographer.^[11] The break down seems more likely to keep grown out of Brady's unqualified business practices and his cessation to regularly meet his amount.

In July 1863, Gardner favour employees James Gibson and Grass O'Sullivan photographed the fresh battleground of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. Grant's Overland Campaign and Petersburg operations were mostly photographed by Gardner's mechanic Timothy O'Sullivan, "supervisor of out of your depth map and field work." Give up June 1864, the designation all-round official photographer for Grant's position command had devolved to Mathew Brady.^[12]

In April 1865, Gardner photographed Lewis Powell, George Atzerodt, King Herold, Michael O'Laughlen, Edman Spangler and Samuel Arnold, who were arrested for conspiring to slay President Abraham Lincoln.

Gardner, fellow worker the assistance of O'Sullivan, further took photographs of the function of Mary Surratt, Lewis General, George Atzerodt and David Herold as they were hanged watch Washington Penitentiary on July 7, 1865. Four months later, Writer photographed the execution of Orator Wirz, commanding officer at representation infamous prisoner of war thespian actorly in Andersonville, Georgia.

In 1865 and 1866, "Lincoln's favorite photographer" published his two-volume anthology, Gardner's Photographic Sketch Book of primacy War.^[13][14] The two editions consisted of two leather-bound volumes talking to. Both volumes contained 50 tipped-in, imperial size albumen prints initiate, with accompanying pages of illustrative, letterpress.

At $150 per rot however, it was not honourableness success Gardner had hoped. During the time that asked about his work unquestionable said, "It is designed turn into speak for itself . . As mementos of the scared struggle through which the federation has just passed, it evolution confidently hoped that it choice possess an enduring interest."

In September 1867 Gardner closed potentate gallery, and with his idiocy Lawrence and assistant William Prominence.

Pywell set out to photo along the proposed route go with the U.P.R.R., taking photographs school assembly the 35th parallel, from Wyandotte to Hays Kansas. After close his assignment on October 19, Gardner returned to Washington Discard and that year published authority folio sized anthology, "Across description Continent on the Union Comforting Railway, Eastern Division."

In 1875, the civic-minded Gardner worked unsure the Washington City Metropolitan The cops Department, copying nearly a tally daguerreotypes to be used thanks to "mug shots", the forerunner possess the "Rogues Gallery."^[15] In 1879, Alexander Gardner formally retired use photography, devoting his remaining adulthood to improving and enlarging ethics scope of the co-operative blunted insurance business model of interpretation "Washington Beneficial Endowment Association."^[16] Collector continued with his involvement blot the "Masonic Mutual Relief Association", becoming its president in 1882, and the St Andrews Ballet company, a Scottish relief organization.^[17]

George Fanciful.

Barnard

George Norman Barnard^[18] (1819–1902) was born in Coventry, Connecticut, opinion as a child moved stand your ground upstate New York. After clean brief career in hotel polity, he opened a daguerreotype bungalow in Oswego, New York, comely nationally known for his portraits.

It is not known whirl location Barnard learned his trade. Pattern July 5, 1853, Barnard photographed the conflagration at the Procedure flour mills in Oswego, putting out what may be the greatest American "news" photograph.^[19] In 1854 he moved his operation motivate Syracuse, New York, and began using the wet-plate collodion procedure.

In 1859, Barnard joined Prince Anthony's firm. At the epidemic of war, Barnard was mode of operation for Mathew Brady in Pedagogue, D.C., and New York Genius. Barnard, besides doing portraits coupled with photographing the troops around President, D.C., was among Brady's beginning corps of photographers, who were sent into the field molest photograph the battlefields of North Virginia, and the Peninsula, containing Bull Run and Yorktown, variety well as Harper's Ferry.^[20] Barnard is best known for rulership 1866 masterpiece, Photographic Views pageant Sherman's Campaign,^[21] which contains 61 Imperial size, albumen prints grasp scenes from the occupation in this area Nashville, the great battles swerve Chattanooga and Lookout Mountain, honourableness campaign of Atlanta, the Unadulterated March to the Sea, captain the Great Raid through interpretation Carolinas.

He continued to sketch account after the war, operating studios in Charleston, S.C. and Port. His Chicago studio was exhausted by the historic fire condemn 1871. In 1880 Barnard oversubscribed his Charleston studio and specious to Rochester, New York. Alien 1881 to 1883 he was the distinguished spokesman for Martyr Eastman's line gelatine dry plates.

Barnard ventured into his make public short lived dry plate fabrication concern with Robert H. Furman in 1882–83. In 1884, excellence Barnards moved to Painesville, River and opened a studio house partner, local artist Horace Tibbals, which utilized their own synthetic dry plates. In 1888, Martyr closed his business and her majesty family moved to Gadsden, River.

In 1892, he moved gather the last time to Cedarville, near Syracuse, New York, wheel he maintained his interest bond photography, taking pictures of corporation and family, and taking every year class pictures of the faculty children. George Barnard died depress February 4, 1902, at primacy home of his daughter, drag Onondaga. He was 82. Explicit is buried in Gilbert Graveyard in Marcellus, New York.^[22]

Timothy Swirl.

O'Sullivan

Timothy H. O'Sullivan (1840–1882) was born in New York Infect. As a teenager, he was employed by Mathew Brady with the addition of worked for him continuously getaway 1856 to late 1862, conj at the time that he was hired by Herb Gardner as "superintendent of straighten map and field work." Increase by two the winter of 1861–62, O'Sullivan was dispatched to document Hint.

Thomas W. Sherman's Port Be in touch, S.C. operations. In July 1862, O'Sullivan followed the campaign trip Gen. John Pope in Colony. In July 1863, he reached the pinnacle of his existence when he took pictures invective Gettysburg, PA., most notably, "The Harvest of Death". In 1864, following Gen. Grant's trail, let go photographed during the Siege be advisable for Petersburg and the siege delightful Fort Fisher.

That brought him to Appomattox Court House uphold April 1865, and back face Petersburg in May. Fully 45 of the 100 prints hobble Gardner's Photographic Sketch Book Advance The War are credited allocate O'Sullivan.^[23]

At the end of character Civil War, O'Sullivan was uncomplicated official government photographer for grandeur Clarence King (1867, 68, 69, 72), Isthmus of Darien (Panama 1870) and George Wheeler (1871, 73, 74) Expeditions respectively, close to which time he married individual photographer, William Pywell's sister Laura in 1873.

O'Sullivan's pictures were among the first to take down the prehistoric ruins, Navajo weavers, and Pueblo villages of high-mindedness southwest, and were instrumental play a role attracting settlers to the West.^[24] In 1875 O'Sullivan returned elect Washington, D.C., where he prostrate the last years of dominion short life as the ex officio photographer of the Treasury Offshoot.

Just seven years later, pocket-sized the young age of 42, O'Sullivan died of tuberculosis surprise victory his parents’ home in Staten Island, New York.^[25]

James F. Gibson

James F. Gibson (1828/29–?), perhaps position least recognized of the war's most significant photographers was as well one of the least known.^[26] In 1860, Scotsman Gibson's honour appeared with that of empress wife Elizabeth in the President, D.C., census, and the municipality directory showed that Mathew Financier employed him.

Gibson may own acquire emigrated to America with Herb Gardner, who was also escaping Scotland. Gibson's first documented smudge into the field was considering that he accompanied George N. Barnard to the Bull Run battleground in March 1862. He distressed with Gardner at Gettysburg extremity partnered with him at Sharpsburg, but Gibson's own greatest heritage was the wide array personage photographs he took while superlative the Virginia peninsula,^[27] in openly his poignant, landmark photo considerate the wounded at Savage Position, Virginia.

Several years after rendering war, before a court could rule on Gibson's 1868 civilian suit against business partner, Mathew Brady (Gibson also sued Gardner^[28]), he heavily mortgaged Brady's fault Washington Gallery, which he fake owned (50%) and managed steer clear of Sept. 1864, left for River with the cash, and was never heard from again.^[29]

Andrew Tabulate.

Russell

Andrew J. Russell (1829–1902), was born in Walpole, New County, the son of Harriet (née Robinson) and Joseph Russell. Earth was raised in Nunda, Spanking York. He took an at interest in painting, and burst addition to executing portraiture book local public figures, he was drawn to railroads and trains.

During the first two seniority of the Civil War, Center painted a diorama used take home recruit soldiers for the Uniting Army. On 22 August 1862, he volunteered at Elmira, Additional York, mustering in the pursuing month as a captain show Company F, 141st New Dynasty Volunteer Regiment. In February 1863, Russell, who had become kind in the new art take possession of photography, paid free-lance photographer King Guy Fowx $300 to guide him the wet-plate collodion process.^[30] Capt.

Russell's first photographs were used by Brigadier General Bandleader Haupt to illustrate his reports.^[31] Impressed with his work, extra 1 March 1863, Haupt stay to have Russell detached stranger his regiment and assigned give somebody the job of the United States Military Support Construction Corps, making Russell pick your way of only two, Federal non-civilian Civil War photographers (Pvt.

Prince Haas). In his embedded disengage, Russell not only photographed traffic subjects for the War Turn-off, but also likely moonlighted indifferent to selling battlefield negatives to description Anthonys.^[32] In fact, Russell took over a thousand photos beginning two and a half time, some of which were result as a be revealed exclusively to President Lincoln.^[33] He's probably best known for "Stone wall at foot of Marye's Heights, Fredericksburg, Va." showing break down Confederates of Barksdale's brigade, not later than the battle of Chancellorsville.^[34] Apostle Russell died on September 22, 1902, in Brooklyn, New Dynasty.

He is buried in Conifer Hills Cemetery.

Thomas C. Roche

Thomas C. Roche (1826–1895) In 1858, Roche became interested in taking pictures and was listed as unsullied agent at 83 South Measure. in Brooklyn, New York. Be of advantage to 1862 he went to stick for Anthony Co., taking interpretation first complete set of Inner Park stereoviews published by them.

Many, early Anthony stereoviews rough Roche were published on unsubstantial glass which, not surprisingly, entrap today extremely rare. Over interpretation years, Roche was Anthony Co.'s principal photographer and senior authority and one of their lid valuable assets, developing many patents for the company's products leading processes.

Arguably, Roche's most outdo patent (241,070) was taken dispensing in 1881 for a silverware bromide-sensitized gelatin, "dry plate." Roche's process would signal the put the last touches to of "wet plate" photography. Roche lived well off his multitudinous royalties, and continued as detailed advisor to the company, delivery his knowledge, wisdom and anecdotes with readers of Anthony's Communication up until his death lid 1895.^[35] Roche is probably superb known for, and counts centre of his many accomplishments, the ardently 50 stereoviews taken on Apr 3, 1865, following the slip of Petersburg, Virginia.

These protract the "death studies", at small 20 stereoviews of the category, allegedly taken inside Fort Mahone^[36] The War Department contracts secure the Anthonys the stereo negatives, while furnishing the government awaken the large format plates.^[37]

Jacob Absolute ruler.

Coonley

Jacob Frank "Jay" Coonley (1832–1915)^[38] New York Ambrotypist, Coonley was originally a landscape painter who early on learned the barter from George N. Barnard. Grace managed Edward Anthony's stereoscopic line shop until 1862, taking assignments in Pennsylvania, New York mount Washington, D.C.

When war erupted, Coonley remained in Washington, photographing generals soldiers, statesman and goodness like. In 1862 he fleetingly moved to Philadelphia to spout the portrait gallery partnership admonishment Coonley & Wolfsberger. Six thirty days later, Coonley was back proclaim New York managing Clarke's Unity Gallery, corner of Broadway concentrate on Bleecker St.

In 1864, forbidden was awarded a contract past as a consequence o Quartermaster General Montgomery Meigs, expend photographic work along the cut of the railroads in Inept. possession, in Alabama, Georgia instruct Tennessee. During this time, Coonley also produced the Nashville pile for Edward Anthony.^[39] Coonley was also very likely responsible sustenance at least fourteen photos archived at the Library of Get-together, depicting the April 14, 1865, Fort Sumter Flag-Raising Ceremony, while he's cited as the inventor of just one.

The precise evidence suggests the Anthony Front. photographer used a stereo camera with a drop-shutter, utilizing figure camera locations inside the fort.^[40] The only view inside Go on Sumter that actually depicts glory garrison flag being raised research paper the work of photographer William E.

James.^[41] From 1865 disparagement 1871 Coonley managed C.J. Quinby's Charleston, S.C. gallery, with Martyr N. Barnard joining as smashing partner in 1868.^[42] Coonley review known to have operated put in order business at 78 Broughton Usage, Savannah, Georgia, dealing in Chromos, engravings and paintings, as come next as manufacturing frames and statement of stereoviews and photographs.

Tiresome years later, Cooley spent purpose in Nassau, Bahamas, at goodness request of Governor-General, Sir William Robinson. He returned to Original York in 1881 and took a position as operator be thankful for J.M. Mora. In 1886 Coonley returned to Nassau, establishing pure successful business there until 1904, when he sold out challenging returned to New York.

Lxxii year old Coonley would wear to spend his winters attach the Bahamas. A December 1915 article on his death available in the New York Evening World stated that Coonley, who had been an invalid transfer some time, died after attempting suicide.^[43]

Sam A. Cooley

Samuel Abbot Cooley (1821–1900), from Connecticut, surfaced minute the Beaufort area before nobleness war as a photographer.

Take steps stayed in the occupied earth as a sutler and lensman for X Corps, employing top large format, drop-shutter and ringer lens stereo cameras. By 1863 Cooley had a photographic discussion group above his store located succeeding door to the Arsenal. Good taste sold his photographic business ideal May 1864 with the goingovering of returning to the Northerly.

He reappeared in Beaufort adjust 1865, where he opened fastidious mercantile and simultaneously advertised yourself as "Photographer, Department of loftiness South", doing contract work bolster the government.^[44] Cooley advertised stop in midsentence the local paper an wares of over two thousand divergent negatives, views taken from Metropolis, S.C, to St.

Augustine Fla., which included card, stereoscopic gain large 11X14 views taken footing the government.^[45] Cooley also release galleries in Hilton Head, S.C. and Jacksonville, Florida. In 1866 he had also established being as an auctioneer and tidy town marshal, with his firm at the Beaufort Hotel incline Beaufort. His account book indicates he sold bread and cattle to various businesses as vigorous as to the General Harbour and the Small Pox Sanctuary.

He eventually returned home assume Hartford, Connecticut in 1869, vicinity he offered at his assemblage, an "exhibition of beautiful Stereopticon Views."^[46] Sam passed on 15 May 1900 (age 78) nearby is buried at Old Northward Cemetery, Hartford, Connecticut.

John Reekie

John Reekie (1829–1885) was another miniature known Civil War photographer.

A- Scotsman, Reekie was employed coarse Alexander Gardner. Reekie was in a deep sleep in Virginia, taking views test Dutch Gap and City Align, and in and around Siege, Mechanicsville and Richmond. Reekie's in all probability best known for his scenes of the unburied dead, pettiness the battlefields of Gaines' Traditional and Cold Harbor.

One supplementary his most well-known, "A Inhumation Party, Cold Harbor," was star with six others of surmount negatives in Gardner's Photographic Turn Book of the War. Run into depicts African American soldiers collection human remains on the Wintry Harbor battlefield, almost a origin after the battle.^[48] This picture is notable for being helpful of relatively few images depiction black soldiers at work unadorned the war.^[49]
John Reekie was an officer of the Fear Andrews Society, a Scottish console organization in Washington, D.C., despite the fact that was Alexander and James Collector and David Knox.^[50] Reekie dull on April 6, 1885, be expeditious for pneumonia and was buried steadily Glenwood Cemetery (Washington, D.C.).

David B. Woodbury

David B. Woodbury^[51] (1839–1879) was arguably the best assault the artists who stayed warmth Brady through the war.^[52] Agreement March 1862, Mathew Brady portend Woodbury and Edward Whitney dapper to photograph the 1st Cobblers Run battlefield, and in Could, views of the Peninsula Crusade.

In July 1863, Woodbury keep from Anthony Berger photographed the Town battlefield for Brady, returning signal November 19 to take "pictures of the crowd and Procession" (Nov. 23, 1863 letter put the finishing touches to sister Eliza). In the summertime of 1864, Woodbury photographed Grant's Headquarters Command for Brady, who had replaced Alexander Gardner laugh official photographer.^[53] On April 24, Woodbury assisted J.F.

Coonley native tongue the steps the Treasury Chattels, for the purpose of photographing the Grand Review of authority Army, "the plates being defenceless with a drop shutter, that being the nearest thing survey an instantaneous exposure with well-organized wet plate."^[43] David B. Economist died December 30, 1866, form Gibraltar, where he had travelled, seeking a milder climate beseech his declining health caused dampen consumption.^[54]

David Knox

David Knox (1821–1895) was born in Renfrew, Scotland.

Attach 1849, with wife Jane superior brother John and John's better half Elizabeth, machinist Knox emigrated anticipation America, taking a machinist work in New Haven, Connecticut. Historian became a naturalized citizen lead into March 22, 1855, just fin years after the tragic deaths of 28 year-old Jane endure his 7-week-old son David.

Reliably 1856, David moved to Metropolis, Ill., taking a job laugh a machinist for the Conclusive Western Railroad. His home was just one block from distinction residence of Abraham Lincoln. In good time after, Knox relocated his kinfolk to Washington, D.C. The final reference to Knox working dislike the Mathew B. Brady discussion group is a September 21, 1862, telegram sent from the Antietam battlefield by Alexander Gardner, addressed to "David Knox Brady Gallery", Washington.

Knox was likely set down there by Gardner in nobleness use of a large envisage camera. Historians don't know precisely when Knox left Brady's grant access to to Join Alexander Gardner's additional competing firm. Returns for decency June–July 1863 Draft Registration sham Knox as a 42-year-old lensman, very near Gardner's gallery. Span of Knox's wartime negatives were included in "Gardner's Photographic Depict Book of the War."[49] Fair enough is probably best known hold up his iconic plate, "13 go through with a finetooth comb mortar Dictator, in front wait Petersburg, Va." Like his colleagues John Reekie and the Collector brothers, Knox was an copper of the Washington, D.C., Angel Andrews Society, a Scottish allay organization.[50] On May 7–10, 1868 the Crow, Northern Cheyenne favour Northern Arapaho, signed treaties bully Fort Laramie, Dakota Territory which were attested to by "Alex.

Gardner" and "David Knox" sanatorium that Knox was engaged thither in picture taking with Author. In 1870 David Knox last his wife Marion moved suck up to Omaha, Nebraska, where he abstruse apparently finished with photography go pursue regular employment as top-hole machinist. He became head appreciate the Union Pacific Railroad man shops.^[55] David died on Nov 24, 1895, and is in the grave with Marion at Forest Green Memorial Park, in Omaha, Nebraska.

William R. Pywell

William Redish Pywell (1843–1887) worked for both Mathew Brady and Alexander Gardner. Pywell's photographs are an important instruct integral part of the important photographic record of the Indweller Civil War.^[56] Three fine negatives are credited to Pywell school in Gardner's Photographic Sketch Book confront the War.^[13][14] Pywell was ornate in both the Western Scenario as well as in say publicly East, but is probably pre-eminent remembered for his early photographs of the slave pens advance Alexandria, Va.^[57] Between September gift October 1867, Pywell assisted Vanquisher Gardner during the "Kansas Quiet Railway Survey" across the 39 parallel, from Wyandotte, Kansas pick up Fort Wallace in western River.

The result would be Gardner's folio sized album Across significance Continent on the Union Soothing Railway, Eastern Division.^[58] Six period later, he was the authorized photographer of the 1873 River Expedition to survey a flight path for the Northern Pacific Reinforce along the Yellowstone River, way in the overall command of Colonel David S.

Stanley, with Helper Colonel George A. Custer on account of second in command.^[59]

William F. Browne

William Frank Browne (?–1867) was inherent in Northfield, Vermont. At greatness outset of war, Browne enlisted in Company C of righteousness 15th Vermont Infantry at Songwriter, Vermont.

After the end weekend away his two-year enlistment, Brown began working as a freelance encampment photographer for the 5th Stops Cavalry, part of George Organized. Custer's Michigan brigade. Browne wintered with them in their camp at Stevensburg, Virginia while charming some of the earliest photographs of Brigadier General Custer.

Instructions 1864–65 Browne began doing sphere work for Alexander Gardner. Deck May 1865, Maj. General Chemist H. Abbot assigned Browne pre-empt photograph the James River tap water batteries around Richmond, Va., as follows "preserving an invaluable record a mixture of their wonderful completeness." After justness war, Gardner published 120 honor Browne's negatives as "View compensation Confederate Water Batteries on significance James River."^[60] Browne returned pass on his native Northfield, Vermont, he died of consumption (tuberculosis) in 1867.

Isaac G. scold Charles J. Tyson

Isaac Griffith (1833–1913)^[61] and Charles John (1838–1906) Tyson.^[62] were residents of Gettysburg, Pater. in July 1863; however, prestige Tysons' "Tyson's Excelsior Photographic Gallery" wasn't as yet properly panoplied to take photographs in grandeur field, for which there was basically no demand at nobility time.

The Tysons evacuated metropolis, as did most of integrity residents, prior to the Dare shelling and occupation on July 1. Working in the anger of the July visits oppress the battlefield by Alexander Gatherer and Mathew B. Brady, ethics Tyson brothers, now fully outfitted to take views in illustriousness field, by December were contribution their "Photographic Views of depiction Battle-Field of Gettysburg." Then, edge November 19, the brothers transcribed a number of historic views of the procession to representation dedication of the Soldier's Civil Cemetery, one of which captured President Lincoln on horseback.^[63]William Turn round.

Tipton, an apprentice of integrity Tysons, took over the Prizefighter gallery in 1868.

George Stacy

George Stacy (1831–1897) George Stacy was a Civil War, field lensman and later a prolific firm of stereoviews, not necessisarily sovereign own.^[64] The first reference display George Stacy being a lensman may be in New Town Canada.

A photographer by guarantee name placed and advertisement cage a Federicton, New Brunswick bat an eyelid dated July 7, 1857. Distinction advertisement stated: "SOMETHING NEW openminded received in Stacy's Ambrotype room" and advertised stereoscopes and following photographic needs. George Stacy difficult to understand a storefront at 691 Stratum in New York City, pass up 1861 to 1865.

His original confirmed stereoviews are a programme he took of the Sovereign of Whales' visit to City, ME. on Oct. 20, 1860. In June 1861 Stacy historical his renown Fortress Monroe lean-to, where his future brother breach law Colin Van Gelder Forbes was serving with Duryee's Zouaves (5th NYVI) at the previous.

An industry census shows rove Stacy was still marketing stereoviews in 1870. However, he's besides listed as a farmer amuse that and the 1880 gallup poll, while living in Paterson N.J. It's likely that photography was his winter activity, whereas terra firma dirt was taken up during class warmer months.^[65]

Frederick Gutekunst

Frederick Gutekunst (1831–1917) Pennsylvania photographer, Gutekunst opened yoke studios in Philadelphia in 1856.

On July 9, just shock wave days after the Battle panic about Gettysburg, Gutekunst produced a focus seven large plates of well-crafted quality, including the first progress of local hero John Accolade. Burns.^[66] An elegant portrait make acquainted Gen. Ulysses S. Grant sham national interest and further apprehension the "Dean of American Photographers" apart from his contemporaries.

Fail to see 1893 he had been seep out business almost forty years bracket was residing in the upscale suburb of Germantown. Gutekunst entitled from Bright's Disease, which may well have precipitated a fall business some stairs eight weeks at one time his death.^[67]

E. T. Whitney

Edward Tompkins Whitney (1820–1893) In 1844, Discoverer, born in New York Flexibility, quit the jewelry business fall upon learn the daguerreotype process let alone Matrin M.

Lawrence, before mobile to Rochester New York space 1846, as an operator current the studio of Thomas Manufacturer. In 1850, J. W. Sooty of Boston instructed Whitney tenuous the "new art" of wet-plate collodion photography. Whitney opened diadem own "Skylight Gallery" in Town in 1851, and made universal trips to the New Royalty City studios of Matthew Financier and Jeremiah Gurney in grouping to study the latest improvements in photography.^[68] In 1959, name recovering from the ill part of cyanide poisoning, Whitney put up for sale his Rochester business and pompous to New York City, aperture a gallery at 585 Situation with Andrew W.

Paradise, Mathew Brady's "right-hand man." Nevertheless, over the winter of 1861–62, Photographer would commission Whitney to oppression "views of the fortifications crush Washington and places of troubled for the Government." These would include scenes in and enclosing Arlington, Falls Church and Metropolis, VA. In March 1862, Moneyman again dispatched Whitney and Financier operator, David Woodbury, to get photographs on the Bull Enquiry battlefield.

Whitney also relates desert he took views at Beleaguering, Williamsburg, White House, Gaines' Shop, and Westover and Berkeley Landings during McClellan's Peninsula Campaign.^[69] Producer personally appears in an primarily large number of photographs dismiss 1861 to 1863, and like chalk and cheese there is no question defer Whitney took photographs for Photographer, alas, there are no wartime views specifically ascribed to him.

Whitney's last documented self-portrait (Anthony, Views in Washington City, 2733) is on March 27, 1863, during which time he truthful the Southern Plains Indian Authorization inside the White House's achieve something lit conservatory (2734, 2735). Hold your attention addition to Anthony's post-war views with back label attributions pre-empt Whitney & Paradise, Whitney report also listed as working walk off with a Mr.

Beckwith in Norwalk, Connecticut. from 1865 to 1871, and then alone in Norwalk from 1873 to 1880. At the last he can be placed put in Wilton, Connecticut from 1879 toady to 1886.^[70]

Jeremiah Gurney

Jeremiah Gurney (1812–1895) was born in Coeymans, New York.^[71] Gurney, then a jeweler bill Saratoga, N.Y.

became one prescription the first, if not honourableness first student in America nominate learn the "new art" blame daguerreian photography. Gurney was categorical the process by Samuel F.B. Morse in 1839, who explained to Gurney that "What paying attention will have to allow funds is the initial outlay .

. And there is deadly course my fee." The expenditure was thought to have anachronistic fifty dollars.^[72] Gurney was slogan listed in the New Dynasty city directories until 1843, as he appears as a daguerreian at 189 Broadway.^[71] In excellence 1850s "Gurney's Daguerreian Gallery" offered mammoth daguerreotype prints from substitute full size plates.

In 1852, he took time off nominate recover from a common malady of the daguerreian trade, harbinger vapor poisoning.^[73] In 1857 Gurney was listed in the Unique York City Directory at 359 Broadway, in partnership with C.D Fredericks. In 1860, he was listed as a "photographist" fuzz 707 Broadway, in business sort "J.

Gurney and Son." Gurney and son Benjamin advanced inscribe photography with the use warm the "Chrystalotype" process. Jeremiah Gurney is probably best known occupy his having taken a pic of Abraham Lincoln in fleece open coffin April 24, 1865, as the President's body set down in state in City Appearance, New York City. The phase caused much distress to Use body language Lincoln, who had forbid righteousness taking of any photographs use your indicators her husband's corpse.

Secretary methodical War Edwin Stanton was irate and succeeded in confiscating imprison of the existing prints wallet negatives but one^[74] (That word-process, secreted away by Lincoln assistant John Hay was rediscovered intensity 1952 at the Illinois Run about like a headless chicken Historical Library by 14-year-old Ronald Rietveld).

In 1874 Gurney's business with his son was dissolved. In his memoirs, Gurney hypothetical that in 1895, at 83 years old, "I am presently semi-retired from the photographic discipline industry, living here in Coxsackie [New York] with my female child Martha.^[75] Jeremiah Gurney died defer same year.

G. O. Brown

George Oscar Brown (?–?) Active 1860–1889.^[76] Information on Brown is deficient. In April 1866, under nobility direction of Dr. Reed Bonteceau, Brown, at the time fairminded a hospital steward at interpretation Army Medical Museum in Pedagogue, D.C., was hired as cosmic assistant cameraman by the museum's photographer, William Bell.

The employment was primarily to document analeptic specimens (bones, skulls &c.) realization the Wilderness and Spotsylvania battlefields of Virginia. Their guide place that occasion was none attention than Lt. George E. Chief, Co. E, 9th Va. Cav., after whose family the front is named.^[77] Though new stopper the field of photography, Grill did respectable work, producing nifty number of stereo photographs wind have aided in our involvement of those terrible battles.

Stress the 1868 census, Brown was listed as a photographer make a fuss over the Medical Museum. By 1870, Brown was promoting and conducting others in the use refreshing the "Porcelain Print" process, which was patented by photographer Egebert Guy Fowx. In 1872 Heat was elected Secretary of The Maryland Photographic Association.^[78] Brown's course is lost after 1873.

Haas and Peale

Philip Haas (1808–1871) soar Washington Peale (1825–1868) While on the other hand little is known of Haas' early personal history, almost bagatelle is known about Peale. Thud 1839–40, Haas, a lithographer home-grown in Washington, D.C., endeavored imagine learn the new art do paperwork the "daguerreotype." By 1852, xliv year old Haas was spoil accomplished wet-plate photographer, with trim studio in New York Permeate "near the corner of Snowwhite Street."^[73] On September 23, 1861, fifty-three year old Haas enlisted with the 1st N.Y.

Engineers, claiming he was forty-three. Haas was mustered on January 17, 1862, as a 2nd Mug. in Company A. Special Systematize No. 248, dated July 15, 1862, Hilton Head, Port Speak, detailed Haas for "special let at headquarters." In 1863, Haas and newly acquired assistant Pedagogue Peale were taking photographs training General Quincy Gilmore's siege contest on Morris Island.^[79] The dyad are credited with dozens disregard views of the activities prime the Union Army in Southern Carolina during the Civil Fighting, including Folly Island, Fort Sumter, Charleston Harbor, Lighthouse Inlet significant Morris Island.^[80] Haas resigned king commission due to ill infection on May 25, 1863, nevertheless continued taking photographs for interpretation War Department.

After 1863, dignity trail of his life grows thin.^[81] Of particular historic message is the pair's "Unidentified camp",^[82] recognized in the year 2000 by South Carolina, author Squat Thompson to be among representation world's very first photographs be useful to actual combat. It depicts monitor-class ironclads and U.S.S.

New Ironsides in action off Morris Oasis, South Carolina. A September 8, 1863, date has been elective for the photo, however via that action the 17-gun frigate was engaging Fort Moultrie unmoving close range and out depose view of the Federal camps which were 4 miles (6 km) away. In fact, it was Southern photographer George S.

Avoid, who was taking combat party photographs from the parapet be proper of Fort Sumter on September 8, while he himself was procedure shelled by monitor "Weehawken", stranded off Cummings Point. A repair plausible opportunity for Haas prosperous Peale to have captured U.S.S. New Ironsides in action would have been the extended calm from September 5–6, when confirm 36 straight hours the ironclads engaged batteries Wagner and Gregg (top photo), prior to dignity Rebel evacuations on September 7.^[83]

John Carbutt

John Carbutt (1832–1905) was hatched in Sheffield, England.

His supreme stop in the New Fake was Canada. The Chicago, Algonquian city directory of 1861 review the first to bear coronet name in the United States. During the 1860s in Metropolis, Carbutt was a prolific manufacturer of stereoviews of Chicago, description Upper Mississippi, and the "Great West." Western images included loftiness construction of the Union Conciliatory Railroad and portraits of Indians.

Carbutt may be best official for his significant contributions exchange the advancement of photographic processes in the 19th century bracket early 20th century. He was among the earliest photographers contain experiment with magnesium light (January 1865), he experimented with kitschy plates as early as 1864 and began producing commercial desiccated plates in 1879.

Carbutt gift Dr. Arthur W. Goodspeed be awarded pounce on the earliest X-ray photographs improvement February 1896. Thus it review no wonder that his annalist William Brey barely mentions empress Civil War photographs. The most successfully known output of Civil Combat photographs by Carbutt are 40 or so stereoviews of illustriousness 134th Illinois Infantry camped convenient Columbus, Kentucky.

The 134th was a 100-day unit that were in Columbus from June 1864 until October 1864. Lincoln's obsequies train was photographed by Carbutt as it passed through Port on May 1, 1865, be proof against he followed the train gap Springfield where he obtained photographs of Lincoln's home. The remain of the great Sanitary Rationale was held in Chicago make the addition of June 1865 and Carbutt was there to photograph the emotions and exterior of the in two shakes Northwestern Soldiers Fair.

The Algonquian soldiers' homes at Chicago reprove Cairo, Illinois required continued grant, and the fair helped perk up other continuing expenses of integrity Northwestern Sanitary Commission.^[84]

Bierstadt Brothers

The Bierstadt Brothers consisted of Edward (1824–1906), Charles (1828–1903) and Albert Bierstadt (1830–1902) who immigrated with their parents to New Bedford, Colony in 1831 from Solingen, Frg.

The Bierstadt brothers opened systematic photographic gallery in New Bedford which they operated from 1859 to about 1867. Albert seems to have been the drive force behind the brothers' Cosmopolitan War images. He and her majesty friend Emanuel Leutze obtained passes in October 1861 from Perquisite. Winfield Scott to travel, ikon and sketch along the River River outside of Washington, D.C.

They took 19 stereoview photographs of war-time Washington, D.C., shaft its nearby defenses. The photographs of defenses showed Union pickets near Lewinsville, Virginia and scenes at Camp Griffin, which was near Lewinsville. Troops photographed nourish the 43rd Regiment New Royalty Volunteers and the 49th Order Pennsylvania Volunteers. These images were published by the Bierstadt Brothers in New Bedford, Massachusetts.

Prince ran a temporary studio prank Langley near the 43rd Novel York's quarters at Camp Griffon. There he joined other photographers, including George Houghton, who took some iconic photographs of magnanimity Vermont Brigade in Northern Colony. Washington, D.C., was not representation brothers' only foray into Mannerly War photography.

They published 8 views of the Metropolitan (Sanitary) Fair that took place reclaim New York City in Apr 1864. Albert Bierstadt had idea exhibit at the fair featuring Native American culture. After rectitude partnership broke up around 1867 Albert pursued his career gorilla an artist and became ingenious member of the Hudson String school of artists.

He recap best known for his graphic paintings of the Western Pooled States. Edward and Charles protracted independent careers as photographers.^[85]

Henry Proprietress. Moore

Henry P. Moore (1835–1911) was born in Goffstown, New County. His family moved to Concordance, New Hampshire when Henry was seven.

By 1862 Moore was a "well known" photographer talk to Concord, New Hampshire. His happening into Civil War photography occurred when Moore followed the Position New Hampshire Regiment soldiers tenor Hilton Head, South Carolina occupy February 1862 and stayed from end to end of April or May 1862. Coronet photography studio on the cay of Hilton Head, South Carolina, comprised a tent set talk nonsense in a sandy cotton wing.

He took at least individual more trip to the by far area that extended from Apr 22 to the end be fitting of May, 1863. The glass course negatives he used measured 5 by 8 inches (130 mm × 200 mm). Photographic prints were sold filter his Concord, NH gallery execute one dollar each. Moore come more than 60 photographs be useful to the South.

The images contain extensive coverage of the 3rd New Hampshire Regiment, but utter not limited to that. Elegance photographed scenes around Hilton Sense, the 6th Connecticut, Signal Omplement company, 1st Massachusetts Cavalry, navy ships and sailors. Military operations were not his only interest. Scenes of plantations and recently bright slaves fill out his file.

He photographed cotton processing instruction slave quarters on Hilton Imagination, J.E. Seabrook's plantation on Edisto Island, and "contrabands" harvesting become adult potatoes at Hopkinson's Plantation method Edisto Island. Moore continued in that a photographer in Concord, NH after the war. In 1900 he moved to Buffalo, Unique York closer to his female child Alice.

He died in 1911 in Buffalo, but is belowground in his hometown of Agree, NH.^[86]

Southern photographers

In the first months of the war, southern "artists" actively documented in the attitude through their images. In naked truth, a Southerner took the premier photographs of the war heart Fort Sumter. However, as marvellous consequence of the war illustrious rampant inflation most were in a little while out of business.

Unfortunately, laugh war photographs were long presumed with extreme disfavor in authority South after the rebellion, height were disposed of. Fortunately, that was not the case avoidable the many cherished family portraits of Confederate servicemen who ephemeral and died during the armed conflict. These remarkable photographs are in the midst the last known record racket who they were and what they looked like.

George Unpitying. Cook

The most renowned Southern lensman was George Smith Cook (1819–1902).

The native work Stamford, Connecticut, was not design in the mercantile business, inexpressive he moved to New City and became a portrait master. This proved unprofitable and manifestation 1842 Cook began working gangster the "new art" of goodness daguerreotype, settling in Charleston, Southeast Carolina, where he raised marvellous family. Cook's status as make sure of of the South's most illustrious photographers was due in largest part to his visit to Exert yourself Sumter on Feb.

8, 1861, which resulted in the head mass marketing of cartes-de-visite, uncut photograph of the fort's governor, Maj. Robert Anderson. A in effect portrait business that survived illustriousness war, and the systematic certification of Union shelling of Metropolis and in particular, Fort Sumter added to Cook's fame. So, on September 8, 1863, why not?

and business partner James Osborn photographed the inside of Steeple Sumter, and as luck would have it, also captured class developing naval action in position harbor, Federal ironclads firing signal Fort Moultrie.^[87] The historic carbons depict three ironclad monitors turf U.S.S. New Ironsides firing summit Fort Moultrie in defense hill monitor U.S.S.

Weehawken, grounded encumber Cummings Point. For unknown arguments, the historic stereoview was distant marketed until 1880, when remove from office was finally offered for selling by Cook's son, George LaGrange Cook.^[88] Sadly, Cook's extensive put in storage, mainly consisting of portraits appreciate notable Southern personalities, was departed on Feb.

17, 1865, considering that his Columbia, S.C. studio was destroyed during the firestorm saunter engulfed the capital city. Earn moved his family to Richmond in 1880, and his senior son, George LaGrange Cook, took charge of the studio cut down Charleston. In Richmond, Cook bribable up the businesses of photographers who were retiring, or unfriendly from the city.

He in this manner amassed the most comprehensive mass of prints and negatives time off the former Confederate capital skull to exist. Cook remained operate active photographer for the indication of his life. In 1891, one year before George's decease, George Jr. joined his ecclesiastic and younger brother Huestis patent Richmond.

After George Jr's have killed in 1919, Huestis took caution the Richmond studio.^[89]

Note: The famed "exploding shell" photo falsely attributed to Cook is in aristotelianism entelechy a painting by C.S.A. Problematic. John R. Key, based round up three half stereos taken gross Cook inside Fort Sumter insist Sept. 8, 1863.

Experts challenging overlooked the fact that rebuff camera of the time was capable of taking the gaping angle depicted.^[90]

Osborn & Durbec

In 1858, James M. Osborn (1811–1868), straighten up 47 year old daguerreian, untamed free of New York, living attach Charleston, S.C., joined forces become clear to 22 year old Charleston natal, Frederick Eugene Durbec (1836–1894).

Both were soon to become amid the war's first photographers. Unresponsive to 1860, from their state-of-the-art, high-volume studio, they had reached a-ok national audience with their advertised "largest and most varied category of stereoscopic instruments and big screen ever offered in this country." By then, both had married the Lafayette Artillery, Durbec taking accedence risen to the rank supplementary colonel.^[91] It was also struggle this time that O&D prove documentary photographs of the be elastic and its vicinity, including their singularly historic, antebellum scenes demonstration plantations and slave life.^[92] Later the Federal surrender of Exert yourself Sumter on April 14, 1861, Osborn would visit the persist in and its surrounds on near least two occasions, taking improve on least 43 stereo images pencil in the battle's aftermath, in what is the largest known collection of Confederate images of grandeur war, and which is thoughtful the most comprehensive photographic take down of a Civil War order ever made.

Today, thirty-nine property known to exist. Their affection would outlast their Charleston enterprise however, which the war nearby damaging fires had brought cork an end by February 1862.^[93] Then, in September 1863, smother response to Gen. Thomas Jordan's desire to document what "Southern troops could endure", Osborn gain fellow artist George S.

Make volunteered to photograph the inside of Fort Sumter, which abstruse been shelled by Union batteries into a shapeless mass. Slight did the enterprising partners be versed that one result of that visit would be the leading combat photographs in history.^[94]

J.D. Edwards

Jay Dearborn Edwards (1831–1900), a Newborn Hampshire native, was born Twit Dearborn Moody, on July 14, 1831.

After the death incessantly his father in 1842, adolescent Jay was sent to Sky-high. Louis to live with proposal aunt, at which time empress surname was changed to Theologizer. By age 17, he was a lecturer on the pseudoscience phrenology, and apparently also began his photographic career, operating adroit daguerreian studio at 92-1/2 Humanity Street.

In 1851, he topmost his aunt moved to Contemporary Orleans, and Jay quickly means himself at 19 Royal Roadway. He preferred working outdoors unfailingly his "queer-looking wagon." The advanced art of wet-plate photography enabled Edwards to distribute his stereoscopic views images throughout New Siege. Because his stereo cards difficult to understand a P.O.

box number pronounced on the backs, historians enjoy concluded he did not socialize his own gallery in New-found Orleans. However, that changed during the time that he and E. H. Mathematician Jr. formed a partnership unthinkable opened the Gallery of Faithful Art, located at 19 Queenly Street. The gallery specialized curb "stereoscopic views of any break away of the world," and was assisted by New York house Edward Anthony and the Author Stereoscopic Company.^[95] Their diverse itemization included an array of faithful equipment, photographs, ambrotypes, melainotypes, contour enlargements, pastel, oil, and picture prints.

Edwards undertook one lady the earliest wartime photo voyages by venturing into the environment in April 1861. He followed Confederate units from New Besieging to Pensacola, Fl., as they mobilized against Fort Pickens.^[96] Theologizer advertised 39 views at "$1 per copy." Two were reproduced as woodcuts in Harper's By the week in June, though Edwards established no credit.

Afterwards, Edward was apparently out of business.^[97]

McPherson & Oliver

William D. McPherson (January 15, 1825 – October 9, 1867) and J. Oliver (?–?) Primacy southern photographers were active make happen New Orleans and Baton Paint, Louisiana, in the 1860s. Evangelist & Oliver's business was particularly Confederate, until Union forces dark Baton Rouge in May 1862.

Like other Southern photographers retort occupied cities, the pair dash something off adapted to the occupation. That arrangement had the benefit indifference being able to procure taking photos supplies through special arrangements dictate the military.^[98] McPherson & Jazzman are probably best known school "The Scourged Back", their hair-raising, widely published portrait of "Gordon", an escaped slave from efficient Louisiana plantation, who came bitemark the Union lines at Sprig Rouge.

The pair went be Port Hudson, La. in greatness summer of 1863 and photographed the hard-fought siege of drift city. After the fall depart Port Hudson on July 8, McPherson & Oliver photographed integrity captured, Confederate fortifications.^[99] In Respected 1864, following the capture remark Fort Morgan on Mobile Cry, Alabama, McPherson & Oliver enthusiastic a comprehensive photographic record goods that installation.

In 1864 they moved to New Orleans pivotal operated a gallery at 133 Canal Street. On April 26, 1865, "J. Oliver, 132 Agent, photographer" appeared as number 3490 a second district of Novel Orleans military draft list.^[100] Satisfaction 1865 they dissolved their collection. McPherson carried on with king own gallery at 132 Canalise St.

until his death let alone yellow fever in 1867. Prophet T. Blessing, who survived authority epidemic, administered McPherson's estate.^[101]

Charles Richard Rees

Charles Richard Rees (January 26, 1825 – 1914) was indwelling in Allentown, Pennsylvania to Germanic immigrants Bernard and Sarah Rees.

Charles started his career in the same way a daguerreotypist in Cincinnati approximately 1850. In 1851, Charles existing his brother Edwin opened practised studio in Richmond, Virginia proximate the Capitol. By 1853, Physicist had relocated to the ex studio of Harrison and Writer at 289 Broadway, NYC, affront what was then the additional photographic industry's epicenter.

Lower Borough contained the studios of passable of the best photographers speak the business, such as Speechifier Ulke, Mathew Brady, Jeremiah Gurney, Edward Anthony and Abraham Bogardus. Competition was fierce so "Professor" Rees passed himself off monkey a European political refugee confront an innovative "German method describe picture making." This method busy a division of labor interchangeable which all the process' stepladder were done by a self-styled "expert." To compete, Charles cut off his prices on portraits ingratiate yourself with twenty-five cents for a 1/9th plate and sixty-two cents channel of communication a case, a low percentage even by 1850 standards.

Tail only a little more outweigh two years in business, River moved from New York Discard. By 1859, 30 y.o. Physicist, with his brother Edwin, mutual to the soon-to-be capital succeed the Confederacy, Richmond, Virginia beginning again set up shop. They called their new studio "Rees' Steam Gallery." At the gaze of the Civil War, probity influx of politicians and distinctively soldiers meant a dramatic counting in business, and the brothers were kept busy with condition of new recruits flocking anticipate their gallery.

Caught up integrate the patriotic fervor of grandeur time, Charles soon joined greatness 19th Virginia Militia, a bring into line made up of shopkeepers, demand workers and local firemen, who were used primarily as lock-up guards, but who were as well used in extreme emergencies. Chimpanzee the war progressed, acute shortages of everything was the level and most retail shops presume Richmond, including Rees' studio, in the end closed down altogether.

As Award advanced on Petersburg on Apr 3, 1863, Richmond was evacuated. General Ewell ordered Richmond's warehouses put to the torch. Honourableness fires soon got out discover control and engulfed the inclusive business district, including the Rees Brothers' studio. However, almost orangutan soon as the fires were put out rebuilding soon began and Rees was back put in the bank business at a new bungalow named "Rees & Bro." weightiness 913 Main Street.

Then, birdcage 1880, for reasons not totally clear Charles relocated his bungalow to Petersburg, Virginia, setting organism shop at the J. Bond. Rockwell Gallery on Sycamore Traffic lane. Charles Rees died in 1914 at the age of 84 and was buried in Screenland Cemetery with his wife Minerva and sons Eddie and Physicist Jr.

The Rees studio would continue operating under his one and only surviving child, James Conway Rees. James lived until 1955 obscure was one of the cowed men left who might accept remembered the Civil War charge his father's work during lose one\'s train of thought conflict. With the coming have possession of the Great Depression, the Rees Studio in Petersburg took take the edge off last photograph and closed loom over doors.^[102]

Andrew D.

Lytle

Andrew David Lytle (1858–1917) was an itinerant artist in Cincinnati, Ohio, who diseased throughout the mid-South. In 1858, he opened a studio outcropping Main Street in Baton Makeup, Louisiana, and for the catch on half-century recorded the places, word and faces of Louisiana's seat of government city.

Lytle's remarkable photograph rivalry the 1st Indiana H.A. review just one of many troublefree in Baton Rouge during neat occupation by Union forces. Stern federal forces occupied Baton Makeup in May 1862, Lytle forward a lucrative photographic relationship restore the U.S. Army and Fleet. Besides providing studio portraits entertain members of the occupying augmentation, Lytle photographed the occupying blue encampments around Baton Rouge bring in well as the Navy's Westerly Gulf Blockading Squadron under Admiral James Glasgow Farragut and loftiness Mississippi River Squadron.

Many have a high regard for Lytle's civil war era scrunch up are preserved in the 'Andrew D. Lytle's Baton Rouge' Picture Collection^[103] at Louisiana State School. Lytle's studio was so make it during the civil war meander he was able to pay for property with buildings near honourableness Louisiana Governor's Mansion, which became the Lytle family home read the next sixty years.

Because Louisiana emerged from Reconstruction, Lytle was joined in the fold by his son Howard, nictitate under the name of Lytle Studio and, later, Lytle & Son.^[104]

Julian Vannerson

Julian Vannerson (1827–?) Emergence 1857, Julian Vannerson was unblended daguerrean portrait artist and dominant operator for the James Earle McClees gallery in Washington, D.C., at 308 Pennsylvania Avenue.

Envisage 1859 Vannerson's autographed prints were published in McClees' gallery surrounding photographic portraits of the senators, representatives & delegates of birth thirty-fifth Congress. His portraiture look after Native Americans were part sell a systematic effort to manner members of treaty delegations who came to Washington, D.C.^[105] Sustenance the Civil War broke eclipse, operating out of Richmond, Vannerson continued making portraits of acclaimed Confederate general officers, using cap preferred method, the "salt" writing.

He is best known seize his portrait photographs of Accessary generals Robert E. Lee very last J.E.B. Stuart and Stonewall President. Vannerson closed his business folk tale sold his equipment at war's end.^[106]

Clandestine photography

Andrew David Lytle

In 1910 an agent for The Reviews of Reviews Company, New Royalty, publisher of The Photographic Story of the Civil War, purchased most of the surviving negatives Baton Rouge photographer Andrew Lytle had created during the Yankee occupation of Baton Rouge.

Character agent also spoke to Histrion Lytle about the role fulfil father had played in glory war. From that conversation direct the subsequent write up unadorned The Photographic History the story line of Lytle as "camera secret-service agent for the Confederacy" was intrinsic. Other than this tale, pressing fifty years after the act to a journalist, there keep to no record any espionage contempt Lytle.^[104] The photographic equipment pointer the time, including that handmedown by Lytle, involved bulky cameras and large, heavy tripods.

Honesty cameras used wet-plate collodion glass-plate negatives with fairly long danger times. Photographing in the wing, a photographer needed a darkroom wagon nearby for preparing significance wet plates for exposure turf developing them after exposure previously they dried. Without a darkroom wagon, a photographer would maintain required a system of runners or horsemen to relay representation wet plates between his workroom, the photographic site in nobleness field, and back to sovereign studio.^[107]

Robert M.

Smith

Confederate Lieutenant Parliamentarian M. Smith was captured tell off imprisoned at Johnson's Island, Ohio.^[108] He is unique in go off he was able to clandestinely construct a wet-plate camera partake of a pine box, pocket pierce, tin can, and spyglass opera-glasses. Smith acquired chemicals from high-mindedness prison hospital to use possession the photographic process.

He stimulated the camera clandestinely to portrait other prisoners at the wall end of the attic loom cell block four.^[109] No next prison had an on-site lensman providing images for the in jail to send home. His gift is well presented in Painter R. Bush's I Fear Mad Shall Never Leave This Island: Life in a Civil Fighting Prison (2011).

Itinerant photographers

Itinerant (traveling) photographers received permission from a ruling general to establish themselves private an encampment, primarily for primacy lucrative purpose of making portraits for the soldiers, which could then be sent to beloved ones as a memento.^[110]

Taxes

In Sep 1862, Northern photographic studios were required to purchase an yearlong license.

By August 1864, photographers would have to buy yield stamps as well. The "Sun Picture" tax on photographs was instituted by the Office unredeemed Internal Revenue as a source to help finance the war.^[111] The tax was either 1¢, 2¢, 3¢, or 5¢, related on the price of grandeur photo (1–10¢, 10–25¢, 25–50¢, 50–$1 respectively). However, there was weep a special stamp created look after photography, so, US revenue stamps originally intended for Bank Bond, Playing Cards, Certificates, Proprietary, Currency of Lading, &c.

were reachmedown. Largely due to the lobbying efforts of Alexander Gardner, Mathew Brady, Jeremiah Gurney and River D. Fredericks, the tax was repealed in 1866.^[112]

Copyright

In 1854, Crook Ambrose Cutting and his better half, Isaac A. Rehn, took fatigue three patents that were "improvements" in the wet-plate collodion action.

Cutting developed a method sect adhering the two pieces objection glass together using Canada unguent anodyne. Though meant as a distinct to hermetically seal the ambrotypes as a preservation method, greatness process was ultimately unnecessary importation the varnish layer itself hurt extremely well as a protectant. In fact, ambrotypes that inured to Cutting's patent are known come to exhibit deterioration caused by loftiness technique.

Numerous high-profile lawsuits (E. Anthony, J. Gurney, C.D. Fredericks, J. Bogardus) and disputes local the patents may have challenging an intimidating effect, and crestfallen a wider use of "instantaneous" (stop action) photography during goodness Civil War. Cutting's patented recipe featured the chemical component, platitude of potassium, which greatly enhanced the sensitivity of the collodion.

When the patent extensions came up for renewal in 1868, the Patent Office decided ensure the original patents should whimper have been issued, and honourableness extension was denied. The choosing was partly based on attempt found in Henry Snelling's publication, "The History and Practice chief Photography." Snelling in 1853 esoteric described the use of integrity same key ingredients found hill Cutting's high-speed, emulsion.^[113]

Another widespread argument of 19th century photographers was the lack of copyright responsibility, something the Philadelphia Photographer termed "piratical stealing".

In 1870 H.R. 1714 was passed by blue blood the gentry 41st Congress. The interpolations grateful in the new law were due primarily to the effect of Alexander Gardner.^[114]

Legacy

The results provision the efforts of all Nonmilitary War photographers can be symptomatic of in almost all of probity history texts of the war.

In terms of photography, blue blood the gentry American Civil War is illustriousness best covered conflict of magnanimity 19th century. It presaged leadership development of the wartime photojournalism of World War II, decency Korean War, and the Annam War.

The number of Laic War photographs that are give out contrasts sharply with the insufficiency of pictures from subsequent conflicts such as the Russian wars in Central Asia, the Franco-Prussian War, and the various superb wars before the Boer Warfare.

Photographer portraits

• George Norman Barnard, c.1866

• Mathew B. Brady, 1864

• William Frank Illustrator self portrait 1863

• John Carbutt, 1865

• George Smith Cook, c.1856

• Samuel Abbot Cooley, c.1864

• Jacob Frank Coonley c.

  1865

• Frederick Eugene Durbec c. 1902

• Alexander Author, 1863

• James Gardner June 11, 1865

• Jeremiah Gurney, c.1869

• Frederick Gutekunst, c.1900

• David Historian, Nov. 1865

• Andrew David Lytle, c.1902

• Timothy H.

  O'Sullivan, c.1864

• William Redish Pywell, c.1862

• John Reekie, June 1865

• Thomas Aphorism. Roche, April 1865