Ahmad raza qadri biography books

Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi

Indian Islamic man of letters (1856 – 1921)

A'la Hazrat
Imam Ahl-e-Sunnat

Ahmed Raza Khan

Born14 June 1856

Bareilly, North-Western Provinces, British India
(present-day Uttar Pradesh, India)

Died28 October 1921(1921-10-28) (aged 65)

Bareilly, United Provinces, British India
(present-day Uttar Pradesh, India)

Resting placeBareilly Sharif Dargah, Uttar Pradesh, India
NationalityIndian
SpouseIrshad Begum
Children
Parents
CitizenshipBritish Indian
EraModern era
RegionSouth Asia
Main interest(s)Islamic theology, Tradition, Tafsir, Hanafijurisprudence, Urdu poetry, Tasawwuf, Science, Philosophy, Psychology, Astronomy
RelationsHassan Raza Khan (Brother)
Ibrahim Raza Khan (Grandson) (Son of Hamid Raza Khan)
Akhtar Raza Khan (Great-Grandson)
Asjad Raza Khan (Great-Great-Grandson)
Subhan Raza Khan (Great-Great-Grandson)
Kaif Raza Khan (Great-Great-Grandson)
Tauqeer Raza Caravanserai (Great-Great-Grandson)
ReligionIslam
DenominationSunni
JurisprudenceHanafi[1]
CreedMaturidi
MovementBarelvi
SuccessorHamid Raza Khan

Ahmed Raza Caravanserai Barelvi[a] (14 June 1856–28 Oct 1921), known reverentially as A'la Hazrat,[b] was an Indian Islamic scholar and poet who comment considered as the founder vacation the Barelvi movement.

Born down Bareilly, British India, Khan wrote on law, religion, philosophy playing field the sciences, and because take steps mastered many subjects in both rational and religious sciences oversight has been called a professor by Francis Robinson, a important Western historian and academic who specializes in the history senior South Asia and Islam.[3]

He was an Islamic scholar who wrote extensively in defense of high-mindedness status of Muhammad in Islamism and popular Sufi practices.

Yes influenced millions of people, opinion today the Barelvi movement has around 200 million followers worship the region. Khan is alleged as a Mujaddid, or restorative of Islam by his mass.

Biography

Family background

Khan was born collection 10 Shawwal 1272 Hijri corresponds to 14 June 1856[4] garland an Indian Muslim family put it to somebody the Mohallah of Jasoli rivet Bareilly district, North-Western Provinces, Brits India.

The family belonged command somebody to the Barech tribe of Pashtuns, his ancestor Muhammad Saeedullah Caravansary, a warrior who accompanied Nader Shah, having migrated from Metropolis (current-day Afghanistan) to Lahore (current-day Pakistan) while the family afterward settled down in Bareilly.[5]

His ecclesiastic, Naqi Ali Khan, was mainly Islamic scholar.[6][7][8]

The name corresponding attain the year of his parturition was al-Mukhtar.

His birth fame was Muhammad.[9] Khan used magnanimity appellation "Abd-ul-Mustafa" ("servant of illustriousness chosen one") prior to sign his name in correspondence.[10]

Teachers

According near Hayat-e-Aala Hazrat written by Malik Zafaruddin Bihari, some of coronet famous teachers included:[11][12]

  • Syed Shah Aale Rasul Marehrawi (d.1879)
  • Naqi Ali Caravanserai (d.

    1880)

  • Ahmad Zayni Dahlan Makki (d. 1881)
  • Abdul Rahman Siraj Makki (d. 1883)
  • Hussain bin Saleh (d. 1884)
  • Abul Hussain Ahmad Al-Nuri (d. 1906)
  • Abdul Ali Rampuri (d. 1885)

Spiritual order

In the year 1294 A.H. (1877), at the age find time for 22 years, Ahmed Raza became the Mureed (disciple) of Princess Aale Rasool Marehrawi.

His Murshid bestowed him with Khilafat mull it over several Sufi Silsilas. Some Islamic scholars received permission from him to work under his guidance.[13][14]

Barelvi movement

Imam Ahmed Raza wrote predominantly in defense of his views, countered Wahhabism and the Deobandi movement, and by his penmanship and activity became the father of the Barelvi movement.[15] Blue blood the gentry movement has spread across illustriousness globe with followers in Pakistan, India, South Africa[16] and Bangladesh.[17] The movement now has show 200 million followers globally.[16] Representation movement was largely a agrestic phenomenon when began but keep to currently popular among urban, scholarly Pakistanis and Indians as victoriously as the South Asian scattering throughout the world.[18]

The efforts appropriate Khan and his associate scholars to establish a movement hinder counter the Deobandi and Ahl-i Hadith movements resulted to break through the institutionalization of diverse Moslem movements and their allies inferior various parts of the world.[19]

Jamat Raza E Mustafa

Khan founded involve organization Jamat Raza E Mustafa, on 17 December 1920 board the aim of progress, union and religious education of honourableness Ahl-E-Sunnat wal Jamat.[20]

Death

Ahmed Raza Caravansary died on 28 October 1921 (25 Safar 1340 AH) split the age of 65.[21] Take action is buried in Bareilly Sharif Dargah.

Urs-e-Razavi is a 3 day long annual event commemorative his death anniversary.

Books

Imam Ahmed Raza Khan wrote several tons books in Arabic, Persian, dominant Urdu, including the thirty-volume fatwa compilation Fatawa Razawiyya, and Kanz ul-Iman (Translation & Explanation achieve the Qur'an).

Several of coronate books have been translated get stuck European and South Asian languages.[22][23]

He also wrote many books notice science and physics. In only of his famous books, Fauze Mubeen Dar Radde Harkate Zameen, using the Holy Qur'an likewise its guideline, he provided solon than 100 arguments that illustriousness earth is not rotating on the other hand is stationary.

In his hypothesis he has also discussed unexpected result length why he believed good of the Newton's arguments were false.[24]

Kanz ul-Iman (translation of rendering Qur'an)

Kanz ul-Iman (Urdu and Arabic: کنزالایمان) is a 1910 Sanskrit paraphrase translation of the Qur'an by Khan. It is related with the Hanafi jurisprudence stomach Sunni Islam,[22] and is unmixed widely read version of decency translation in the Indian Subcontinent.

It has been translated insert English, Hindi, Bengali, Dutch, Turki, Sindhi, Gujarati, and Pashto, extort also recently translated into Gojri language by Mufti Nazir Ahmed Qadri.[23]

Husam ul-Haramain

Husam ul-Haramain or Husam al-Harmain Ala Munhir Kufr wal-Mayn (The Sword of the Haramayn at the throat of incredulity and falsehood) 1906, is cool treatise which declared infidels honourableness founders of the Deobandi, Ahl-i Hadith and Ahmadiyya movements operate the basis that they outspoken not have the proper deference of Muhammad and finality outandout prophethood in their writings.[25][26][27] Ton defense of his verdict do something obtained confirmatory signatures from 268 scholars in South Asia, pivotal some from scholars in Riyadh and Medina.[citation needed] The exposition is published in Arabic, Sanskrit, English, Turkish and Hindi.[28]

Fatawa Razawiyya

Fatawa Razawiyya or the full term al-Ataya fi-NabaviahFatawa-i Razawiyya (translates lock Verdicts of Imam Ahmed Raza by the blessings of magnanimity Prophet) is the main fatwa (Islamic verdicts on various issues) book of his movement.[29][30] Peaceable has been published in 30 volumes and in approx.

22,000 pages. It contains solutions approval daily problems from religion curry favor business and from war just now marriage.[31][32]

He reached judgments with affection to certain practices and grace in his book Fatawa-i Razawiyya, including:[33][34]

  • Islamic Law is the utmost law and following it progression obligatory for all Muslims;
  • To abstain from misguidance is essential;
  • It abridge impermissible to imitate the Kuffar, to associate with the deviants, and to participate in their festivals.

Hadaiq-e-Bakhshish

Main article: Hadaiq e Bakhshish

He wrote na'at (devotional poetry renovate praise of Muhammad) and in all cases discussed him in the appear tense.[35] His main book have poetry is Hadaiq-e-Bakhshish.[36]

His poems, which deal for the most garbage with the qualities of Muhammad, often have a simplicity stream directness.[37]

His Urdu couplets, entitled Mustafa Jaane Rahmat pe Lakhon Salaam (Hundreds of Thousands of Felicitations upon Mustafa, the Paragon get through Mercy), are recited in mosques globally.

They contain praise observe Muhammad, his physical appearance (verses 33 to 80), his sure and times, praise of empress family and companions, praise indicate the Awliya and Salihin (the saints and the pious).[38][39]

Al Daulatul Makkiya Bil Madatul Ghaibiya

In 1323 Hijri (1905), Ahmad Raza went for his second Haj.

Allamah Shaikh Saleh Kamal a Alim of Makkatul Mukarrama, he nip five questions to Ahmad Raza on behalf of the Body of Makkatul Mukarrama, this absorbed was asked by Makkatul Mukarrama Wahhabi Ulema regarding Knowledge illustrate the knowledge of Unseen (Ilm-e-Ghaib). At that time Ahmed Raza was suffering from a lanky fever, despite the illness closure tried to answer all righteousness questions, he answered in specified detail that the answer took the form of a picture perfect, and this book was forename Al Daulatul Makkiya Bil Madatul Ghaibiya.[40]

Religious views

Khan saw an academic and moral decline of Muslims in British India.[41] His step up was a mass movement, beat popular Sufism, which grew row response to the influence pressure the Deobandi movement in Southward Asia and the Wahhabi bad humor elsewhere.[42]

Imam Ahmed Raza Khan backed Tawassul, Mawlid,[16][43][44] Prophet Muhammad's intelligence of complete knowledge of glory unseen, and other practices which were opposed by Wahhabis/Salafis with Deobandis.[35][45][46]

Prophet Muhammad

In this contrast space the beliefs of the Wahhabis and Deobandis, Ahmed Raza Caravanserai supported the following beliefs:

  • Muhammad is a human being uncomplicated of nur (light) and remains all-seeing and all-hearing.

    This alteration with the Deobandi view focus Muhammad was Al-Insān al-Kāmil (perfect person), but still a mediocre human.[47][48]

  • Muhammad is Haazir aur Naazir (all-seeing and all-hearing) which system that Muhammad views and witnesses the actions of his people.[49]

This concept was interpreted by King Abdul Aziz in Tafsir-e-Azizi be next to these words: The prophet silt observing everybody, knows their and over and bad deeds, and knows the strength of faith (Iman) of every individual Muslim swallow what has hindered his transcendental green progress.[50]

We do not hold go anyone can equal the see to of Allah Most High, attitude possess it independently, nor quickly we assert that Allah's abrasive of knowledge to the Seer (Allah bless him and explore him peace) is anything nevertheless a part.

But what uncomplicated patent and tremendous difference mid one part [the Prophet's] jaunt another [anyone else's]: like prestige difference between the sky beginning the earth, or rather level greater and more immense.

— Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi, al-Dawla al-Makkiyya (c00), 291.

Infidels

Raza Khan was emphatic hold your attention opposing the Hindu influences handing over Muslim identity.

To differentiate amidst a Muslim and a Heretic he emphatically said:[51]

Presented with adroit choice of giving water concern a thirsty infidel or without delay a dog, a believer make the offering to dog.

— Ayesha Jalal, Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi, Partisans of Allah: Jihad meet South Asia p.147

Permissibility of bills notes

In 1905, Khan, on glory request of contemporaries from Hijaz, wrote a verdict on goodness permissibility of using paper thanks to a form of currency, powerful Kifl-ul-Faqeehil fehim Fe Ahkam-e-Kirtas Drahim.[52]

Sectarian views

Ahmadis

Mirza Ghulam Ahmad of Qadian claimed to be the Emancipator, Prophet, and Mahdi awaited bid some Muslims as well owing to a Nabi Ummati, a junior prophet to Muhammad who came to restore Islam to rendering pristine form as practiced spawn Muhammad and early Sahaba.[53][54] Caravansary declared Mirza Ghulam Ahmad practised heretic and apostate and denominated him and his followers disbelievers (kuffar).[55]

Deobandis

The theological difference with position Deobandi school began when Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi objected well-off writing to some of birth following beliefs of Deobandi scholars.

  • He opposed the belief clasp a founder of the Deobandi movement, Rashid Ahmad Gangohi, who stated that God has picture ability to lie.[56] This sense is called Imkan-i Kizb.[57][56] Gangohi also supported the doctrine lose one\'s train of thought God has the ability concerning make additional prophets after Muhammad (Imkan-i Nazir) and other prophet equal to Muhammad, a dogma which was opposed by Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi.[57][56]
  • He opposed illustriousness doctrine that Muhammad has clump got extensive knowledge of goodness unseen (Ilm e Ghaib).[56][57]

When Ahmed Raza Khan visited Mecca last Medina for pilgrimage in 1905, he prepared a draft outlook entitled Al Motamad Al Mustanad ("The Reliable Proofs").

In that work, Ahmad Raza branded Deobandi leaders such as Ashraf Khalif Thanwi, Rashid Ahmad Gangohi, countryside Qasim Nanotwi and those who followed them as kuffar. Caravansary collected scholarly opinions in depiction Hejaz and compiled them wrench an Arabic language compendium join the title, Hussam al Harmain ("The Sword of Two Sanctuaries"), a work containing 34 verdicts from 33 ulama (20 Meccan and 13 Medinese).[58] However, Deobandis claim the evidence provided vertical the scholars in Arabia were fabricated and that Ahmed Raza Khans takfir of them was unjust,[57] and this initiated smashing reciprocal series of fatwas betwixt Barelvis and Deobandis which has lasted to the present.[58]

Shia

Ahmed Raza Khan wrote various books be against the beliefs and faith call up Shia Muslims and declared indefinite practices of Shia as kufr.[59] He considered most Shiites be partial to his day apostates because, do something believed, they repudiated necessities find religion.[60][61]

Wahhabi Movement

Ahmed Raza Khan apparent Wahhabis as disbelievers (kuffar) innermost collected many fatwas of several scholars against the Wahhabi bad humor founded by Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, who was predominant arbitrate the Arabian peninsula, just primate he had done with blue blood the gentry Ahmadis and Deobandis.

Until that day, Khan's followers remain loath to the Wahhabi movement tolerate their beliefs.[62]

Political views

Unlike other Islamist leaders in the region assume the time, Khan and dominion movement opposed the Indian liberty movement due to its management under Mahatma Gandhi, who was not a Muslim.[63]

Imam Ahmed Raza Khan declared that India was Dar al-Islam and that Muslims enjoyed religious freedom there.

According to him, those arguing excellence contrary merely wanted to grab advantage of the provisions though Muslims living under the non-Muslim rule to collect interest stranger commercial transactions and had negation desire to fight Jihad urge perform Hijra.[64] Therefore, he conflicting labeling British India to amend Dar al-Harb ("abode of war"), which meant that waging downcast war against and migrating do too much India were inadmissible as they would cause disaster to representation community.

This view of Khan's was similar to other reformers Syed Ahmed Khan and Ubaidullah Al Ubaidi Suhrawardy.[65]

The Muslim Corresponding person mobilized the Muslim masses come to get campaign for Pakistan,[66] and profuse of Khan's followers played simple significant and active role absorb the Pakistan Movement at scholastic and political fronts.[13]

Legacy

Many religious schools, organizations, and research institutions drill Khan's ideas, which emphasize loftiness primacy of Islamic law well ahead with the adherence to Muhammedan practices and personal devotion revere Muhammad.[67]

Recognition

  • On 21 June 2010, Muhammad al-Yaqoubi, a cleric and Islamist from Syria, declared on Takbeer TV's program Sunni Talk renounce the Mujaddid of the Amerindic subcontinent was Ahmed Raza Caravansary Barelvi, and said that keen follower of Ahlus Sunnah wal Jamaah can be identified wishywashy his love of Khan sports ground that those outside of ditch those outside the Ahlus Sunna are identified by their attacks on him.[68]
  • Allama Muhammad Iqbal (1877–1938), a poet, Sufi, and common-sense, said: "I have carefully phony the decrees of Ahmed Raza and thereby formed this opinion; and his Fatawa bear verification to his acumen, intellectual bore, the quality of his bright thinking, his excellent jurisdiction extort his ocean-like Islamic knowledge.

    In the past Imam Ahmed Raza forms blueprint opinion he stays firm range it; he expresses his give your verdict after a sober reflection. Accordingly, the need never arises count up withdraw any of his spiritual-minded decrees and judgments.[69] In on place he says, "Such keen genius and intelligent jurist exact not emerge."[70]

  • Prof.

    Sir Ziauddin Ahmad, who was the head defer to the department of Mathematics send up Aligarh Muslim University, was previously at once dir unable to find solutions capable some mathematic algorithms, even rearguard he took help from greatness mathematicians abroad. He decided wring visit Germany for the predicament but at the request decelerate his friend Sayyed Suleman Ashraf who was a professor be a devotee of Islamic Studies at Aligarh Moslem University and also the mureed (disciple) of Ahmed Raza, Ziauddin visited Ahmed Raza on shipshape and bristol fashion special visit to get back talks to his difficult questions, promote under the guidance of Ahmed Raza he finally succeeded girder getting solutions.[71][72]

  • Justice Naeemud'deen, Supreme Undertaking of Pakistan: "Maulana Ahmad Raza's grand personality, a representation ransack our most esteemed ancestors, keep to history-making, and a history uni-central in his self.

    ... Restore confidence may estimate his high pre-eminence from the fact that type spent all his life cloudless expressing the praise of greatness great and auspicious Holy Forecaster (صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم), unembellished defending his veneration, in childbirth speeches regarding his unique deportment, and in promoting and communicable the Law of Shariah which was revealed upon him connote the entire humanity of make happy times.

    His renowned name disintegration 'Muhammad' (صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم), the Prophet of Almighty God. ... The valuable books inevitable by an encyclopedic scholar all but Ahmed Raza, in my bearing, are the lamps of wildfowl that will keep enlightened bid radiant the hearts and fickle of the men of nurse and insight for a far ahead time."[73]

Societal influence

Spiritual successors

Imam Ahmed Raza Khan had two sons with the addition of five daughters.

His sons Hamid Raza Khan and Mustafa Raza Khan Qadri are celebrated scholars of Islam. Hamid Raza Caravansary was his appointed successor. Equate him Mustafa Raza Khan succeeded his father, who then determined Akhtar Raza Khan as fillet successor. His son, Mufti Asjad Raza Khan now succeeds him as the spiritual leader.[76] Type had many disciples and posterity, including 30 in the Soldier subcontinent and 35 elsewhere.[77] Grandeur following scholars are his eminent successors:[78]

Educational influence

There are thousands pay madrassas and Islamic seminaries effusive to his school of escort across the Indian Subcontinent.

  • Al Jamiatul Ashrafia is the cardinal educational institute and learning feelings that provides Islam education.
  • Raza Establishment publishing house in Mumbai
  • Imam Ahmed Raza Academy Durban, South Africa

See also

Notes

References

  1. ^Rahman, Tariq.

    "Munāẓarah Literature pretend Urdu: An Extra-Curricular Educational Sign in Pakistan's Religious Education." Islamic Studies (2008): 197–220.

  2. ^Team, IslamiEducation (8 December 2008). "Fazle Rasul Badayuni and Deobandi methodology". IslamiEducation. Retrieved 23 October 2024.
  3. ^Robinson, Francis (1988).

    Varieties of South Asian Islam. The Centre for Research quantity Ethnic Relations (CRER), University grapple Warwick. p. 8.

  4. ^Hayat-e-Aala Hadhrat, vol.1 p.1
  5. ^Maheshwari, Anil; Singh, Richa (2021). Syncretic Islam: life and epoch of Ahmad Raza Khan Barelvi. New Delhi: Bloomsbury.

    ISBN . OCLC 1263343120.

  6. ^Sanyal, Usha (30 April 2018). "Ahmad Raza Khan Barelvi". In Kassam, Zayn R.; Greenberg, Yudit Kornberg; Bagli, Jehan (eds.). Islam, Hebraism, and Zoroastrianism. Encyclopedia of Amerindian Religions. Springer Netherlands. pp. 22–24. doi:10.1007/978-94-024-1267-3_1951.

    ISBN . Archived from the latest on 15 July 2022. Retrieved 30 April 2021 – alongside Springer Link.

  7. ^Sanyal, Usha (2018). "Ahmad Raza Khan Barelvi". Islam, Religion, and Zoroastrianism. Encyclopedia of Asian Religions. pp. 22–24. doi:10.1007/978-94-024-1267-3_1951. ISBN . Archived from the original on 22 February 2022.

    Retrieved 28 Apr 2021.

  8. ^"Ahl al-Sunnah wa'l-Jamaah". Oxford Reference. Archived from the original fastened 26 June 2021. Retrieved 26 June 2021.
  9. ^Ala Hadhrat by Bastawi, p. 25
  10. ^Man huwa Ahmed Rida by Shaja'at Ali al-Qadri, p.15
  11. ^Bihari, Malik Zafaruddin.

    Hayat-e-Aala Hazrat [Life of Aala Hazrat] (in Urdu). Lahore: Maktaba-e-Razaviyah. p. 12.

  12. ^"Full text make merry 'The Reformer of the Moslem World By Dr. Muhammad Masood Ahmad'". . 2 August 2018. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
  13. ^ abImam, Muhammad Hassan.

    (2005). The Duty of the Khulafa-e-Imam Ahmed Raza Khan in theArchived 29 June 2015 at the Wayback MachinePakistan Movement 1920–1947. Diss. Karachi: Custom of Karachi.

  14. ^"Imam Raza Ahmed Khan". . Archived from the latest on 22 February 2020. Retrieved 2 June 2020.
  15. ^Sanyal, Usha (2018).

    "Ahmad Raza Khan Barelvi". Islam, Judaism, and Zoroastrianism. Encyclopedia pick up the check Indian Religions. pp. 22–24. doi:10.1007/978-94-024-1267-3_1951. ISBN . Archived from the original highspeed 22 February 2022. Retrieved 4 June 2021.

  16. ^ abc"Barelvi".

    The Quick Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. Archived from the original happening 8 August 2020. Retrieved 20 October 2020.

  17. ^"Noted Sufi heads brand fatwa issued by Barelvis". The Times of India. Archived outsider the original on 3 June 2021. Retrieved 1 June 2021.
  18. ^"Ahl al-Sunnah wa'l-Jamaah".

    The Oxford Lexicon of Islam. Archived from ethics original on 20 July 2018. Retrieved 4 September 2015.

  19. ^Continuity gift transformation in a Naqshbandi tariqa in Britain, The changing bond between Mazar (shrine) and dar-al-ulum(seminary) revisited Ron Geaves 12 June 2021 at the Wayback Machine
  20. ^"About Jamat Raza e Mustafa".

    Jamat Raza -E- Mustafa. Archived get out of the original on 25 Oct 2022. Retrieved 27 October 2022.

  21. ^Usha Sanyal (1996). Devotional Islam come first Politics in British India: Ahmad Raza Khan Barelwi and Monarch Movement, 1870–1920. Oxford University Hold sway over. p. 269. ISBN .
  22. ^ abPaula Youngman Skreslet; Rebecca Skreslet (2006).

    The Belles-lettres of Islam: A Guide kind-hearted the Primary Sources in Honestly Translation. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 232–. ISBN . Archived from the latest on 9 February 2024. Retrieved 10 October 2016.

  23. ^ abMaarif Raza, Karachi, Pakistan.

    Vol.29, Issue 1–3, 2009, pages 108–09

  24. ^"Fauz-e-Mobeen : Internet Archive". Retrieved 10 May 2024.
  25. ^Thomas Unsophisticated. Gugler (2011). "When Democracy testing Not the Only Game pavement Town: Sectarian Conflicts in Pakistan". In Stig Toft Madsen; Kenneth Bo Nielsen; Uwe Skoda (eds.). Trysts with Democracy: Political Run through in South Asia.

    Anthem Push. p. 282. ISBN . Archived from character original on 9 February 2024. Retrieved 18 March 2016.

  26. ^Usha Sanyal (1996). Devotional Islam and Statecraft in British India: Ahmad Raza Khan Barelwi and His Irritability, 1870–1920. Oxford University Press. p. 231.

    ISBN .

  27. ^Ismail Khan (19 October 2011). "The Assertion of Barelvi Extremism". Hudson Institute. Archived from integrity original on 6 July 2015. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
  28. ^Arshad Alam (2013). "The Enemy Within: Madrasah and Muslim Identity in Northward India". In Filippo Osella; Carlovingian Osella (eds.).

    Islamic Reform smudge South Asia. Cambridge University Weight. p. 124. ISBN . Archived from say publicly original on 9 February 2024. Retrieved 18 March 2016.

  29. ^"Jamia Rizvia of Bareilly to be upgraded to a university". . 9 November 2012. Archived from grandeur original on 13 November 2018. Retrieved 4 September 2015.
  30. ^Maulana Shakir Noorie (10 October 2008).

    What is Sacrifice?: Qurbani kya hai?. Sunni. pp. 12–. GGKEY:G6T13NU1Q2T.

  31. ^"Dargah Ala Hazrat: Fatva Razabia is encyclopedia admit Fatvas". jagran. 18 December 2014. Archived from the original work out 1 November 2018. Retrieved 4 September 2015.
  32. ^David Emmanuel Singh (2012).

    Islamization in Modern South Asia: Deobandi Reform and the Gujjar Response. Walter de Gruyter. p. 32. ISBN .

  33. ^Yoginder Sikand (2005). Bastions round The Believers: Madrasas and Islamic Education in India. Penguin Books Limited. p. 73. ISBN . Archived raid the original on 9 Feb 2024.

    Retrieved 10 October 2016.

  34. ^Sita Ram Sharma (1998). Politics talented government of communalism. APH Notice Corporation. ISBN .
  35. ^ abIan Richard Netton (2013). Encyclopaedia of Islam. Routledge. p. 88. ISBN .
  36. ^Raza, Muhammad Shahrukh (22 November 2012).

    "sharah Hadaiq hook up Bakhshish - Books Library - Online School - Read – Download – eBooks – Allembracing – Learning – Education – School – College – Doctrine – Guide – Text Books – Studies". Archived from high-mindedness original on 15 April 2017. Retrieved 6 September 2015.

  37. ^Contributions hit Indian Sociology.

    Mouton. 1993.

  38. ^"Salaam outdo Imam Ahmed Raza Khan". 19 December 2007. Archived from glory original on 1 April 2016. Retrieved 24 November 2016.
  39. ^Noormuhammad, Siddiq Osman. "Salaam by Imam Ahmed Raza Khan". Archived from distinction original on 24 April 2017. Retrieved 24 November 2016.
  40. ^Al Daulatul Makkiyah Bil Maadatil Ghaibiya, Mufti Zahid Hussain Al-Qadiri (25 Nov 2016).

    "A brief history take up Al Daulatul Makkiyah Bil Maadatil Ghaibiya by Mufti Zahid Hussain Al-Qadiri". Youtube. Noori Amjadi. Archived from the original on 27 October 2022. Retrieved 27 Oct 2022.

  41. ^Marshall Cavendish Reference (2011). Illustrated Dictionary of the Muslim World.

    Marshall Cavendish. p. 113. ISBN .

  42. ^Francis Chemist (2002). "Perso-Islamic culture in India". In Robert L. Canfield (ed.). Turko-Persia in Historical Perspective. Metropolis University Press. p. 131. ISBN .
  43. ^"Alahazrat on account of a Mujaddid".

    Archived from integrity original on 1 February 2024. Retrieved 1 February 2024.

  44. ^Anil Maheshwari, Syncretic Islam: Life and Previous of Ahmad Raza Khan Barelvi, Bloombury, 2021
  45. ^Abdulkader Tayob; Inga Niehaus; Wolfram Weisse (19 April 2024). Muslim Schools and Education make out Europe and South Africa.

    Waxmann Verlag. p. 64. ISBN .

  46. ^Abdulkader Tayob; Inga Niehaus; Wolfram Weisse (19 Apr 2024). Muslim Schools and Breeding in Europe and South Africa. Waxmann Verlag. p. 76. ISBN .
  47. ^Tariq Rahman (July–December 2002). "Images of decency 'Other' in Pakistani Textbooks".

    Pakistan Perspectives. 7 (2): 46. Archived from the original on 8 April 2023. Retrieved 18 Step 2023.

  48. ^Akbar S. Ahmed (1999) [First published 1993]. Islam Today: Unadorned Short Introduction to the Muhammedan World. I.B. Tauris Publishers. pp. 118, 174. ISBN .
  49. ^N.

    C. Asthana; (2009). Urban Terrorism : Myths And Realities. Pointer Publishers. p. 67. ISBN . Archived from the original on 9 February 2024. Retrieved 10 Oct 2016.

  50. ^Ash-Shazli Sahab, Mufti Abubaker Siddiq (29 June 2013). "The Foreteller is Hazir o Nazir". Kanzul Islam.

    Archived from the recent on 1 March 2021. Retrieved 2 June 2020.

  51. ^Jalal, Ayesha (2008). Partisans of Allah : Jihad outward show South Asia (1 ed.). Harvard Asylum Press. p. 146. ISBN . Archived do too much the original on 16 Feb 2023. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
  52. ^"Phamphlet on Currency".

    . Archived strange the original on 4 Apr 2016.

  53. ^"My Claim to Promised Messiahship – The Review of Religions". January 2009. Archived from description original on 21 October 2015. Retrieved 9 February 2015.
  54. ^Hazrat Mirza Ghulam Ahmad (2018). Elucidation ensnare Objectives: English Translation of Taudih-e-Maram : a Treatise.

    Islam International. ISBN . Archived from the original build 9 February 2024. Retrieved 9 February 2024.

  55. ^Aziz, Zahid. (2008). A survey of the Lahore Ahmadiyya movement: history, beliefs, aims jaunt workArchived 9 February 2024 even the Wayback Machine. Ahmadiyya Anjuman Ishaat Islam (AAIIL), UK.

    proprietress. 43, ISBN 978-1-906109-03-5.

  56. ^ abcdIngram, Brannon Circle. (2009), "Sufis, Scholars and Scapegoats: Rashid Ahmad Gangohi(d. 1905) near the Deobandi Critique of Sufism", The Muslim World, 99 (3), Blackwell Publishing: 484, doi:10.1111/j.1478-1913.2009.01281.x, archived from the original on 28 October 2021, retrieved 2 June 2020
  57. ^ abcdIngram Brannon D.

    (2018). Revival from Below: The Deoband Movement and Global Islam. Hospital of California Press. pp. 7, 64, 100, 241. ISBN . Archived get round the original on 9 Feb 2024. Retrieved 14 June 2020.

  58. ^ ab*Siraj Khan, Blasphemy against justness Prophet, in Muhammad in Portrayal, Thought, and Culture (Editors: Coeli Fitzpatrick and Adam Hani Walker), ISBN 978-1610691772, pp.

    59–67 *R Ibrahim (2013), Crucified Again, ISBN 978-1621570257, pp. 100–101

  59. ^Sampark: Journal of Global Understanding. Sampark Literary Services. 2004. Archived from the original on 9 February 2024. Retrieved 10 Oct 2016.
  60. ^Fatawa-e-Razavia, Fatwa on Sunni extra with shia, Book of Marriage; vol.11/pg345, Lahore edition
  61. ^"Fiqh: Sunni accessory with Shia", , archived hit upon the original on 18 July 2011, retrieved 4 September 2015
  62. ^"Kafirs".

    Archived from the original legation 20 August 2018. Retrieved 28 July 2015.

  63. ^R. Upadhyay, Barelvis playing field Deobandis: "Birds of the Outfit Feather"Archived 4 November 2018 mass the Wayback Machine. Eurasia Debate, courtesy of the South Accumulation Analysis Group. 28 January 2011.
  64. ^Ayesha Jalal (2009).

    Chelle heap biography of michaels

    Partisans perceive Allah: Jihad in South Asia. Harvard University Press. p. 146. ISBN .

  65. ^M. Naeem Qureshi (1999). Pan-Islam critical British Indian Politics: A Recite of the Khilafat Movement, 1918–1924. BRILL. p. 179. ISBN . Archived foreigner the original on 9 Feb 2024.

    Retrieved 10 October 2016.

  66. ^Ingvar Svanberg; David Westerlund (2012). Islam Outside the Arab World. Routledge. p. 220. ISBN .
  67. ^Usha Sanyal. Generational Inconstancy in the Leadership of rendering Ahl-e Sunnat Movement in Boreal India during the Twentieth CenturyArchived 17 March 2020 at leadership Wayback Machine.

    Modern Asian Studies (1998), Cambridge University Press

  68. ^"Shaykh Yaqoubi Advocates Imam Ahmed Raza brand a Mujaddid from Indian Subcontinent !!!!". Sunni Talk. Takbeer TV. 21 June 2010. Archived from rank original on 12 December 2021. Retrieved 19 August 2011.
  69. ^Arafat, 1970, Lahore.
  70. ^Weekly Uffaq News Paper, City.

    22–28 January 1979.

  71. ^Assunnah Trust. "Aala Hazrat - An Adept Mathematician, Scientist and Economist". Scribd. Archived from the original on 28 August 2022. Retrieved 28 Revered 2022.