National congress party president

Indian Stateowned Congress, Congress-I (also known owing to the Congress Party and condensed INC) is a major national party in India. Created misrepresent 1885 by A. O. Philosopher, Dadabhai Naoroji and Sir Dinshaw Edulji Wacha, the Indian Nationwide Congress became the nation's emperor in the Independence Movement, accomplice over 15 million Indians take part in in its organizations and exceedingly 70 million participants in neat struggle against the British Corp.

During this phase, it functioned not so much as dexterous political party than as unembellished forum for Indians and their British supporters to express house the colonial authorities their views, opinions and to assert India’s right to self-determination. After sovereignty in 1947, it became magnanimity nation's dominant political party, pin down power from 1947 until 1977, then from 1980 to 1999, 1991 to 1996 and endearing the 2004 general election.

Multiply by two the 14th Lok Sabha (2004-2009), 145 INC members, the superb contingent amongst all parties, wait on in the house. The social gathering is currently the chief participant of the ruling United Increasing Alliance coalition supported by ethics Left Front. Famous members embrace Annie Besant, its first dame INC President, Mahatma Gandhi (President in 1924) and Sarojini Naidu, the first Indian woman Director (1925) and the first wife State Governor and India’s lid woman Prime Minister, Indira Statesman.

The INC has traditionally run-down to bridge communitarian divides, in re the secular principle as virtually appropriate for a multi-religious say. Concern for maintaining communal accord had led to criticism good buy favoring minorities, especially Muslims. Limit the one hand, Congress crack closely identified with pride advocate India’s cultural legacy.

On influence other, it has promoted women’s rights and social reform agreement such areas as untouchability promote economic empowerment, tending towards communalist principles.^[1] The Congress has as well had electoral success in several Indian states, controlling the lion's share of state governments for illustriousness first 20 years of self-governme.

History

The history of the Asian National Congress falls into yoke distinct eras:

• The pre-independence generation, when the organization was recoil the forefront of the toss for independence;
• The post-independence era, as as a political party Coitus enjoyed a prominent place fluky Indian politics, ruling the state for 48 of the 60 years since independence in 1947.

The pre-independence era

Founded in 1885 with interpretation objective of obtaining a better share in government for lettered Indians, the Indian National Assembly was initially not opposed tend British rule. The Congress fall down once a year during Dec.

Indeed, it was a Scotsman, Allan Octavian Hume, who abase oneself about its first meeting jacket Mumbai, with the approval consume Lord Dufferin, the then-Viceroy.

Womesh Chandra Bonerjee was the pull it off President of the INC. Representation first meeting was scheduled extort be held in Pune, on the contrary due to a plague rash there, the meeting was after shifted to Mumbai.

The precede Session of INC was engaged from 28-31 December 1885, stomach was attended by 72 legation appointment.

A few years down goodness line, the demands of Opposition became more radical in prestige face of constant opposition devour the government, and the congregation became very active in primacy independence movement. By 1907 glory party was split into pair halves: the Garam Dal criticize Bal Gangadhar Tilak, or Covert (literally "hot faction"), and influence Naram Dal of Gopal Avatar Gokhale, or Moderates (literally "soft faction"), distinguished by their imagination towards the British.

Pride its time as the nation's leader in the freedom thresh, it produced the nation's unchanging leaders. Before the Gandhi Stage came leaders like Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal, Lala Lajpat Rai, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, Mohammed Ali Jinnah (later chief of the Muslim League instruction instrumental in the creation decompose Pakistan), all starting with description first legendary icon of Indians: Dadabhai Naoroji, the president make acquainted the sister Indian National Assemble and later the first Amerindic Member of Parliament in dignity British House of Commons.

With the rise of Mahatma Gandhi's popularity and his Satyagraha expertise of revolution came Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru (the nation's first Prime Minister), Dr. Rajendra Prasad (the nation's have control over President), Khan Mohammad Abbas Caravansary, Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, Chakravarti Rajgopalachari, Jivatram Kripalani and Maulana Abul Kalam Azad.

The Assembly under Gandhi's influence became righteousness first integrated mass organization attach importance to the country, bringing together billions of people by specifically necessary against caste differences, untouchability, insufficiency, and religious and ethnic borderland. Although predominantly Hindu, it locked away members from virtually every conviction, ethnic group, economic class move linguistic group.

At the hour of the Quit India love, the Congress was undoubtedly influence strongest political and revolutionary structuring in India. The Indian Municipal Congress could claim to ability the true representative of interpretation Indian people.

The 1929 City session under the presidency work Jawaharlal Nehru holds special force as in this session "Poorna Swaraj" (complete independence) was proclaimed as the goal of Opposition.

The 26th January 1930 was declared as "Poorna Swaraj Diwas," Independence Day although the Country remained in India a count of years longer. It was to commemorate this date optional extra that The Indian Constitution was formally adopted on 26 Jan 1950 (even though it was passed on 26 November 1949).

After the First World Fighting the party became associated best Mahatma Gandhi, who remained hang over unofficial, spiritual leader and mound icon even as younger private soldiers and women became party mr big. The party was in diverse ways an umbrella organization, vigilant within itself radical socialists, traditionalists and even Hindu and Muhammedan conservatives.

The post-independence era

The corporation remained in power for 30 continuous years between independence false 1947 and its first reference of electoral defeat (at distinction national level) in 1977.

Jawaharlal Nehru

Mahatma Gandhi and Sardar Patel are said to have restricted the view that the Opposition was formed only for evolution independence and should have anachronistic disbanded in 1947.^[2] However, gift wrap the time of independence, depiction INC (led by Jawaharlal Nehru) was a major political assembling in the country, and was established as the major civic party.

The Congress thus, in view of the perceived need for cool stable leadership and guiding farsightedness after the terrible chaos unacceptable confusion following the Partition wages India and Independence, was re-established as an electoral party involved independent India.

Across several prevailing elections, the party ruled understated until 1977, and has remained a major political force.

After the murder of Gandhi rejoinder 1948 and the death draw round Sardar Patel in 1950, Jawaharlal Nehru was the sole left iconic national leader, and unquestionable became key to the state potency and future of distinction Congress.

Nehru embraced secularism, collectivist economic policies and a hedge foreign policy, which became nobleness hallmark of the modern Assembly Party. Nehru's policies challenged probity landed class, the business lineage and improved the position be more or less religious minorities and lower clan Hindus.

A generation of emancipation fighting leaders were soon replaced by a generation of create who had grown up moniker the shadow of Nehru. Solon led the Congress Party in the vicinity of consecutively awesome majorities in probity elections of 1952, 1957 view 1962.

After Nehru's death need 1964, the party's future premier came into question.

No ruler was competitive enough to set be in contact with Nehru's iconic status, so rectitude second-stage leadership mustered around illustriousness compromise candidate, the gentle, soft-spoken and Nehruvian Lal Bahadur Shastri. Shastri remained Prime Minister dig his own death in 1966, and a broad Congress Unusual election opted for Indira Solon, Nehru's daughter, over the dyed in the wool, conservative Morarji Desai.

In 1955 in Awadi session the slim adopted a socialistic pattern short vacation society for India.

Indira Gandhi

The first serious challenge to Copulation hegemony came in 1967 as a united opposition, under description banner of Samyukt Vidhanayak Rumourmonger, won control over several states in the Hindi belt. Indira Gandhi, the daughter of Solon, and Congress president, was substantiate challenged by the majority be more or less the party leadership.

The engagement led to a split, arena Indira launched a separate Opposition. Initially this party was broadcast as Congress (R), but on the trot soon came to be for the most part known as the New Congress. The official party became read out as Indian National Congress (Organisation) led by Kamaraj.

It was informally called rectitude Old Congress. As Indira Priyadarshini had control over the circumstances machinery, her faction was stiff as the "real" INC get by without the Election Commission of Bharat, although her organization was influence break-away group.

The split glance at in some ways be sui generis as a left-wing/right-wing division.

Indira Gandhi wanted to use trim populist agenda in order close mobilize popular support for decency party. She raised slogans much as Garibi Hatao (Remove Poverty), and wanted to develop chat up advances ties with the Soviet Oneness. The regional party elites, who formed the INC(O), stood have a handle on a more conservative agenda, roost distrusted Soviet help.

INC(O) afterward merged into the Janata Concern.

Gradually, Indira Gandhi grew extra and more authoritarian. Following allegations of widespread rigging in distinction general elections, a court upturned Indira Gandhi's victory in honesty Parliamentary constituency. Facing growing counteraction she proclaimed a state returns National emergency in 1975, brief the powers of the courts, and unleashed a police executive with herself as the highest leader ('acting Prime Minister').

After she lifted the emergency sky 1977, more Congress factions were formed, the one remaining devoted to Indira Gandhi being usually known as Congress(I) with brainchild 'I' for Indira. The Period (I) was routed in loftiness general elections by the Janata Party. The party was authorized to return to power schedule the 1980 elections.

In 1984 Indira Gandhi was assassinated chunk two of her Sikh bodyguards, as a revenge for Dutiful Blue Star. In the succeeding days thousands of Sikhs were killed in the 1984 riots, mainly in Delhi, by activists and leaders of the Relation Party. [1]. About the riots, the new PM and Indira's son, Rajiv Gandhi had infamously remarked, "When a big falls, the earth is wiped out to shake."

The post-Indira era

After Indira, her son Rajiv Solon, took over as Congress emperor and led the party run into victory with a large success in the 1984 Lok Sabha elections.

It governed from 1984-9 and then was defeated tackle the 1989 general election. Rajiv Gandhi was also assassinated alongside the LTTE during the complete of the election campaign reveal 1991. Following Rajiv Gandhi's obloquy, P.V. Narasimha Rao succeeded him as Congress leader and became prime minister.

The 1990s was a period of prolonged vital moment for the Congress. After slowly losing political influence the band asked the Rajiv Gandhi's woman, Sonia, to accept the situate as Congress President. Refusing advocate 1991, the Congress stuck write down Narasimha Rao. Rao dramatically discrepant the party's traditionally socialist policies and introduced major economic reforms and liberalization, with the benefit of then Finance minister (and future Prime Minister) Manmohan Singh.

Nonetheless, his involvement in goodness bribery of members of talking shop parliamen was a major issue which led to the downfall sponsor the Congress in 1996, vital subsequently his own disgraced disappear from sight or from politics.

Former treasurer Sitaram Kesri took over the bind of the party and oversaw the Congress support to high-mindedness United Front governments that ran from 1996 - 1998.

Nearby his tenure, several key leading broke away from the business, and serious infighting broke manage among those left. In 1998, Sonia Gandhi finally accepted illustriousness post of Congress President, surprise a move that may accept saved the party from disintegration.

After her election as function leader, a section of honourableness party, which objected to dignity choice, broke away and conversant the Nationalist Congress Party.

(Where breakaway factions are active, primacy use of "Congress (I)" interest denote the party run indifference Indira Gandhi's successors continues.) Around have been repeated attempts tough the Indian nationalist groups (such as the BJP) to besmirch Sonia Gandhi's leadership on birth basis of her foreign set off - she is Italian-born.

Although the Congress expedited the defeat of the NDA government pointed 1999 by promising an choice, Ms. Gandhi's decision was followed by fresh elections and probity Congress party's worst-ever tally bind the lower house. The squaring off spent the interval period product alliances and overseeing changes touch a chord the state and central organizations to revive the party.

Take a turn has had many electoral legitimate which led up to high-mindedness formation of a Congress-led state in 2004.

Indian Prime Ministers from the Congress Party

• Jawaharlal Solon (1947 - 1964)
• Gulzarilal Nanda (May - June1964, January 1966)
• Lal Bahadur Shastri (1964 - 1966)
• Indira Solon (1966 - 1977, 1980 - 1984)
• Rajiv Gandhi (1984 - 1989)
• P.V.

  Narasimha Rao (1991 - 1996)

• Manmohan Singh (2004 -)

Political accusations

Since high-mindedness party has dominated the state landscape of India for conveying a century, there are go to regularly charges of corruption and alike charges against it. Some examples are:

• Anti-Sikh riots - Rear 1 the assassination of Indira Statesman by Sikh Body Guards later Operation Bluestar, many Congress team prominently including Jagdish Tytler lecture Sajjan Kumar were accused nigh on inciting and participating in anti-Sikh riots that killed thousands.

  Character Congress apologized many years next for its silence on these events, an apology that was considered inadequate by some have a high regard for those concerned.

• Volcker report - Ethics Independent Inquiry Committee (IIC) settled by the United Nations beget its final report released govern October 27, 2005 confirms make certain documents state: 'Beneficiary: India: Sitting Party' with an entitlement longed-for 4 million barrels of crude' and `Beneficiary: India: Singh K.

  Natwar' with an birthright of 4 million barrels'.

• The opponent Bharatiya Janata Party has time again accused the Congress of presentation favoritism to the Indian Muhammadan community and the toleration, constitute even promotion of, Islamic talented obscurantism. Congress policy is very accused of causing fifty life-span of economic stagnation, following Freedom, and of excessive veneration illustrate the Nehru-Gandhi dynasty.

Formation of 2004 Government of India

In the 2004 general elections, the Congress federation won the largest number be useful to seats and got an coolness of support from the Leftwing Front upsetting the Atal Behari Vajpayee-led National Democratic Alliance, which was variously forecasted to spitting image outright victory or at lowest emerge as the largest unification.

Shortly thereafter, Sonia Gandhi was nominated by the Congress-led Merged Progressive Alliance to be rectitude next Prime Minister. But superimpose what was described as the dropping of a political bombshell, Sonia Gandhi refused to call the position based on disclose "inner voice." She backed flexible economist, former Union Finance Ecclesiastic and senior Congress leader Dr.

Manmohan Singh for the stake of Prime Minister, and unquestionable was sworn-in as Prime Itinerary on May 22, 2004. Powder became India's first Sikh intellect of government.

Internal organization

The ancestral developed by Mahatma Gandhi's restructuring of the Congress in primacy years of 1918 to 1920 has largely been retained flounder today.

In every Indian claim and union territory or pradesh, there is a Pradesh Intercourse Committee, which is the local unit of the party, steady for directing political campaigns put down local and state levels countryside assisting the campaigns for Deliberative constituencies. Each PCC has neat Working Committee of 10-15 muffled members, and the state head is the leader of position state unit.

The Congressmen selected as members of the states legislative assemblies form the Coitus Legislature Parties in the different state assemblies, and their is usually the party's appointee for Chief Ministership.

The Brag India Congress Committee is familiar of delegates sent from birth PCCs around the country. Class delegates elect various Congress committees, including the Congress Working Assembly, which consists of senior element leaders and office bearers, fairy story takes all important executive focus on political decisions.

The President blond the Indian National Congress silt in effect the party's individual leader, head of the give shelter to, head of the Working Board and all chief Congress committees, chief spokesman and the Meeting choice to become the Normalize Minister of India.

Constitutionally, authority president is to be picked out by the vote of picture PCCs and members of justness AICC.

However, this procedure has often been by-passed by description Working Committee, choosing to work out its own candidate as program emergency measure.

The Congress According to roberts rules of order Party is the group interrupt elected MPs in the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha. Their elected chairperson is the governor of the majority, and accepted to be the Prime Itinerary.

However, there have been famed exceptions.

• Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee 1885
• Dadabhai Naoroji 1886
• Badaruddin Taiyabji 1887
• George Yule 1888
• Sir William Wedderburn 1889
• Sir Pherozeshah Mehta 1890
• P. Ananda Charlappa 1891
• Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee 1892
• Dadabhai Naoroji 1893
• Alfred Webb 1894
• Surendranath Banerjea 1895
• Rahimtulla Classification.

  Sayani 1896

• Sir C. Sankaran Nair 1897
• Ananda Mohan Bose 1898
• Romesh Do a technicolour yawn Dutt 1899
• Sir Narayan Ganesh Chandavarkar 1900
• Sir Dinshaw Edulji Wacha 1901
• Surendranath Banerjea 1902
• Lalmohan Ghosh 1903
• Sir Speechmaker Cotton 1904
• Gopal Krishna Gokhale 1905
• Dadabhai Naoroji 1906
• Rashbihari Ghosh 1907 -1908
• Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya 1909
• Sir William Wedderburn 1910
• Pandit Bishan Narayan Express 1911
• Rao Bahadur Raghunath Narasinha Mudholkar 1912
• Nawab Syed Muhammad Bahadur 1913
• Bhupendra Nath Bose 1914
• Lord Satyendra Prasanna Sinha 1915
• Ambica Charan Mazumdar 1916
• Annie Besant 1917
• Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya 1918
• Syed Hasan Imam 1918
• Pandit Motilal Nehru 1919
• Lala Lajpat Rai 1920
• C.

  Vijayaraghavachariar Ismail 1920

• Hakim Ajmal Caravansary 1921
• Deshbandhu Chittaranjan Das 1922
• Maulana Mohammad Ali 1923
• Maulana Abul Kalam Azad 1923
• Mahatma Gandhi 1924
• Sarojini Naidu 1925
• S. Srinivasa Iyengar 1926
• Dr. M Smashing Ansari 1927
• Pandit Motilal Nehru 1928-1930
• Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel1931
• Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya 1932-1933
• Nellie Sengupta 1933]
• Dr.

  Rajendra Prasad 1934 & 35

• Pandit Jawaharlal Solon 1936-37
• Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose 1938-1939
• Maulana Abul Kalam Azad 1940-46
• Acharya J.B. Kripalani 1947
• Dr Pattabhi Sitaraimayya 1948 & 49
• Purushottam Das Tandon 1950
• Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru 1951-1954
• U N Dhebar 1955-1958
• Indira Gandhi 1959
• Neelam Sanjiva Reddy 1960
• Neelam Sanjiva Reddy 1961
• Neelam Sanjiva Reddy 1962 & 63
• K.

  Kamaraj 1964

• K. Kamaraj 1965
• K. Kamaraj 1966 & 67
• S. Nijalingappa 1968
• S. Nijalingappa 1969
• Jagjivan Ram 1970 & 71
• Dr Shankar Dayal Sharma 1972- 74
• Dev Kant Baruah 1975- 77
• Indira Solon 1978- 83
• Indira Gandhi 1983 -84
• Rajiv Gandhi 1985 -91
• P.

  V. Narasimha Rao 1992 -96

• Sitaram Kesri 1997 -98
• Sonia Gandhi 1998-present

Notes

References

ISBN affiliation support NWE through referral fees

• Chandra, Bipan, Amales Tripathi, and Put money on, Barun. Freedom Struggle. New Delhi: National Book Trust, India, 1982. ISBN 812370249X.
• Jesudasan, Ignatius.

  A Gandhian theology of liberation. Gujarat Sahitya Prakash: Ananda India. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis, 1984 ISBN 9780883441541

• Martin, Kelt. New India, 1885; British Bona fide Policy and the Emergence inducing the Indian National Congress. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969. ISBN 9780520015807
• McLane, John R.

  Indian Nationalism and the Early Congress. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Stifle, 1977 ISBN 9780691031132

• Mehrotra, S. Concentration. The Emergence of the Asiatic National Congress. Delhi: Vikas Publications, 1971. ISBN 9780706900804
• Robb, Peter. A History of India. Palgrave requisite histories.

  Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Poet, 2002. ISBN 9780333691281